黑虎掌菌的化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0476

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黑虎掌菌（Sarcodon imbricatus）又名枣翘鳞肉齿菌，肉质细嫩、味道鲜美，是著名的食药两用菌之一，其分布广泛，受国内外众多学者关注。黑虎掌菌子实体和菌丝体中富含有多糖类物质、蛋白质、矿物质、氨基酸、微量元素、甾醇类等营养物质，具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化以及抑菌等药理活性，应用前景广阔。随着黑虎掌菌多糖成分的分离纯化与鉴定，以及药理活性的相关研究，黑虎掌菌多糖的提取工艺和功效分析机制愈发明朗，但是多糖成分在体内如何调控蛋白质和基因等的表达，以及黑虎掌菌其他成分功效和机制的研究，仍需进一步探索。本文梳理并总结了已报道的黑虎掌菌研究现状，介绍了子实体的形态特征、归纳总结子实体和菌丝体的化学成分，讨论了菌丝体的发酵条件、不同提取方法下子实体的多糖和多肽得率，并概述黑虎掌菌在抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抑菌方面的研究进展。最后，对黑虎掌菌的研究与开发前景进行展望，旨在为相关蘑菇产业研究提供理论依据和为开发利用提供借鉴。

关键词: 黑虎掌菌, 化学成分, 液体发酵, 提取方法, 药理活性

Abstract:

Sarcodon imbricatus, also known as Tremellodon gelatinosum, tasted tender and delicious, is one of the famous edible and medicinal dual-use fungi, widely distributed and has attracted the attention of many scholars at home and abroad. Its fruiting body and mycelium are rich in nutrients such as polysaccharides, proteins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements, sterols, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, and thus have broad application prospects. With the isolation, purification, and identification of polysaccharides from S. imbricatus, as well as related studies on pharmacological activity, the extraction process and efficacy analysis mechanism of polysaccharides from S. imbricatus have become increasingly clear. However, further exploration is needed on how polysaccharides regulate the expressions of proteins and genes in vivo, as well as the efficacy and mechanisms of other components in S. imbricatus. This article sorts and summarizes the reported status of studies on S. imbricatus. Firstly, we summarized the morphological characteristics of the fruiting body, and the chemical compositions of the fruiting body and mycelium. Secondly, we discussed the fermentation conditions of mycelium and the yield of polysaccharides and peptides from fruiting body using different extraction methods. Then, we summarized the research progresses of using S. imbricatus in anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial aspects. Finally, we discussed the research and development prospects of S. imbricatus, aiming to provide theoretical basis for related mushroom industry research and reference for development and utilization.

Key words: Sarcodon imbricatus, chemical composition, liquid fermentation, extraction method, pharmacological activity

李臣亮, 蔡雪莹, 杨安慧. 黑虎掌菌的化学成分及其药理作用研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(11): 24-33.

LI Chen-liang, CAI Xue-ying, YANG An-hui. Research Progress in the Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Sarcodon imbricatus[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(11): 24-33.

图/表 9

参考文献 50

[1]	Saba M, Falandysz J, Loganathan B. Accumulation pattern of inorganic elements in scaly tooth mushroom(Sarcodon imbricatus)from northern Poland[J]. Chem Biodivers, 2020, 17(5): e2000167.
[2]	黄年来, 林志彬, 陈国良, 等. 中国食药用菌学[M]. 上海: 上海科学技术文献出版社, 2010.
	Huang NL, Lin ZB, Chen GL. Medicinal and edible fungi[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature Publishing House, 2010.
[3]	Wang D, Feng H, Zhou J, et al. New insights into the stipitate hydnoid fungi Sarcodon, Hydnellum, and the formerly informally defined Neosarcodon, with emphasis on the edible species marketed in Southwest China[J]. IMA Fungus, 2024, 15(1): 8.
[4]	张丙青, 陈健. 黑虎掌菌营养成分的测定与评价[J]. 食品科学, 2011, 32(9): 299-302.
	Zhang BQ, Chen J. Determination and analysis of nutrition components in Sarcodon aspratus[J]. Food Sci, 2011, 32(9): 299-302.
[5]	Yang HJ, Kwon EB, Choi JG, et al. Sarcodonol A-D from fruiting bodies of Sarcodon imbricatus inhibits HCoV-OC43 induced apoptosis in MRC-5 cells[J]. Bioorg Chem, 2023, 140: 106824.
[6]	杜萍, 张先俊, 何素芳, 等. 云南野生黑虎掌菌元素分析和风味研究[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2010, 30(3): 97-102.
	Du P, Zhang XJ, He SF, et al. Flavor and elementary analysis of the wild tremellodon gelatinosum from Yunnan[J]. Chem Ind For Prod, 2010, 30(3): 97-102.
[7]	姜浩, 孙涛, 姚皓昱, 等. 食用真菌多糖的研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技, 2022, 43(12): 447-456.
	Jiang H, Sun T, Yao HY, et al. Research progress of edible fungal polysaccharides[J]. Sci Technol Food Ind, 2022, 43(12): 447-456.
[8]	桑雨梅, 高郁超, 武济萍, 等. 食用真菌多糖提取、纯化及结构表征研究进展[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2023, 44(13):210-218.
	Sang YM, Gao YC, Wu JP, et al. Research progress on extraction, purification and structural characterization of edible fungal polysaccharides[J]. Food Research and Development, 2023, 44(13): 210-218.
[9]	赵雨霁, 王琦. 翘鳞肉齿菌化学成分和药理活性研究概况[J]. 食用菌学报, 2014, 21(3): 77-82.
	Zhao YJ, Wang Q. Progress of research on the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of Sarcodon imbricatus[J]. Acta Edulis Fungi, 2014, 21(3): 77-82.
[10]	Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Karczewska E, Wojtas I, et al. Isolation and biological activities of polysaccharide fractions from mycelium of Sarcodon imbricatus L. P. Karst.(Basidiomycota)cultured in vitro[J]. Acta Pol Pharm, 2011, 68(1): 143-145.
[11]	王雪冰. 云南野生虎掌菌多糖的提取及其抗氧化研究[D]. 昆明: 昆明理工大学, 2011.
	Wang XB. Study on extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from wild Bambusa in yunnan[D]. Kunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2011.
[12]	董会彬. 黑虎掌菌多糖改善胃溃疡作用及机制研究[D]. 合肥: 安徽大学, 2020.
	Dong HB. Study on the effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from black tiger palm on improving gastric ulcer[D]. Hefei: Anhui University, 2020.
[13]	Han XQ, Chai XY, Jia YM, et al. Structure elucidation and immunological activity of a novel polysaccharide from the fruit bodies of an edible mushroom, Sarcodon aspratus(Berk.) S. Ito[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2010, 47(3): 420-424.
[14]	Kakon AJ, Choudhury MBK, Saha S. Mushroom is an ideal food supplement[J]. J Dhaka Natl Med Coll Hosp, 2012, 18(1): 58-62.
[15]	鄂恒超, 彭书婷, 赵志勇, 等. 超高效液相色谱法测定食用菌及其制品中麦角甾醇[J]. 农产品质量与安全, 2024(2): 18-24.
	E HC, Peng ST, Zhao ZY, et al. Determination of ergosterol in edible fungi and its products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography[J]. Qual Saf Agro Prod, 2024(2): 18-24.
[16]	Rangsinth P, Sharika R, Pattarachotanant N, et al. Potential beneficial effects and pharmacological properties of ergosterol, a common bioactive compound in edible mushrooms[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(13): 2529.
[17]	才媛. 翘鳞肉齿菌化学成分及药理活性的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林农业大学, 2013.
	Cai Y. Studies on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Caryopteris squarrosa[D]. Changchun: Jilin Agricultural University, 2013.
[18]	Takei T, Yoshida M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, et al. Ergosterol peroxide, an apoptosis-inducing component isolated from Sarcodon aspratus(Berk.) S. Ito[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2005, 69(1): 212-215.
[19]	丁小维, 刘开辉, 邓百万, 等. 两株喜树内生真菌挥发性代谢物的GC-MS分析[J]. 云南农业大学学报: 自然科学, 2016, 31(5): 830-838.
	Ding XW, Liu KH, Deng BW, et al. GC-MS detection of volatile metabolites of two endophytic fungi from Camptotheca acuminate[J]. J Yunnan Agric Univ Nat Sci, 2016, 31(5): 830-838.
[20]	苟琴, 张振. 一株臭常山内生真菌挥发性成分分析及生物活性研究[J]. 中国食品添加剂, 2024, 35(4): 249-261.
	Gou Q, Zhang Z. Analysis of volatile components and biological activity of an endophytic fungus in Chouchangshan Mountain[J]. China Food Addit, 2024, 35(4): 249-261.
[21]	才媛, 徐菁鹤, 王琦. 采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术分析翘鳞肉齿菌中挥发性成分[J]. 食用菌学报, 2013, 20(1): 93-95.
	Cai Y, Xu JH, Wang Q. Analysis of volatile compounds produced by Sarcodon imbricatus using headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Acta Edulis Fungi, 2013, 20(1): 93-95.
[22]	王婷婷, 严明, 邓雅元, 等. 云南黑虎掌菌挥发性成分分析[J]. 中国食用菌, 2020, 39(6): 17-20.
	Wang TT, Yan M, Deng YY, et al. Analysis on volatile flavor substance of Sarcodon imbricatus in Yunnan[J]. Edible Fungi China, 2020, 39(6): 17-20.
[23]	王雪. 黑虎掌菌子实体多糖促进化疗损伤小鼠免疫及造血系统功能修复的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2019.
	Wang X. Study on the effect of polysaccharide from the fruiting body of Tephrosia nigricans on immune and hematopoietic system function repair in mice damaged by chemotherapy[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2019.
[24]	韦丁. 黑虎掌菌多糖结构和抑制肿瘤活性的研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2011.
	Wei D. Study on the structure and anti-tumor activity of polysaccharide from Tephrosia nigricans[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2011.
[25]	Barros L, Ferreira MJ, Queirós B, et al. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities[J]. Food Chem, 2007, 103(2): 413-419.
[26]	Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Szewczyk A, Gdula-Argasińska J, et al. Chemical compounds of extracts from Sarcodon imbricatus at optimized growth conditions[J]. Acta Mycol, 2016, 51(2):1086.
[27]	胡美丽. 虎掌菌液体培养条件的优化及其生物活性的研究[D]. 合肥: 安徽大学, 2012.
	Hu ML. Optimization of liquid culture conditions and study on biological activity of Trigonella[D]. Hefei: Anhui University, 2012.
[28]	刘成荣, 张力夫. 虎掌菌的液体发酵工艺条件研究[J]. 德州学院学报, 2009, 25(6): 34-37.
	Liu CR, Zhang LF. Study on TechnologicaL condition in luiquik fermentation of tremellodon gelatinosum[J]. J Dezhou Univ, 2009, 25(6): 34-37.
[29]	王雪冰, 赵天瑞, 樊建. 响应曲面法优化虎掌菌多糖提取工艺研究[J]. 西南大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 33(7): 146-151.
	Wang XB, Zhao TR, Fan J. Optimization of the extraction technology for polysaccharides from Pseudohydnum gelatinosum by the response surface method[J]. J Southwest Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2011, 33(7): 146-151.
[30]	陈龙, 郭永红, 曹建新, 等. 虎掌菌酶解提取物抑菌试验研究[J]. 中国食用菌, 2009, 28(1): 42-44.
	Chen L, Guo YH, Cao JX, et al. Study on the antibacterial experiment of extracts from Sarcodon aspratum[J]. Edible Fungi China, 2009, 28(1): 42-44.
[31]	刘源, 杨刚, 杨学武. 微波预处理水提法提取甘孜虎掌菌多糖的工艺优化[J]. 贵州农业科学, 2016, 44(4): 127-129.
	Liu Y, Yang G, Yang XW. Extraction technology of polysaccharide from Ganzi Sarcodon imbricatus by microwave pretreatment water extraction method[J]. Guizhou Agric Sci, 2016, 44(4): 127-129.
[32]	袁广峰. 三种食用菌的活性物质分析及抗氧化、抗肿瘤等功能研究[D]. 石家庄: 河北师范大学, 2008.
	Yuan GF. Analysis of the active substances of three kinds of edible fungi and their antioxidant and antitumor functions[D]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Normal University, 2008.
[33]	冯颖, 赵丽芳, 陈晓鸣, 等. 翘鳞肉齿菌粗多糖提取和抗肿瘤试验研究[J]. 西南林学院学报, 2000,(2):117-120.
	Feng Y, Zhao LF, Chen XM, et al. Extraction and anti-tumor experimental study of crude polysaccharide from Sarcodontium squamata[J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University, 2000,(2): 117-120.
[34]	Chen Y, Hu ML, Wang C, et al. Characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from the mycelium of Sarcodon aspratus[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2013, 52: 52-58.
[35]	陈健, 张灵芝, 韦丁, 等. 黑虎掌菌多糖的组成和抗肿瘤活性[J]. 华南理工大学学报: 自然科学版, 2011, 39(12): 110-114.
	Chen J, Zhang LZ, Wei D, et al. Composition and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Sarcodon imbricatus[J]. J South China Univ Technol Nat Sci Ed, 2011, 39(12): 110-114.
[36]	Tan XP, Chen W, Jiao CW, et al. Anti-tumor and immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract of Sarcodon imbricatus in vitro and in vivo[J]. Food Funct, 2020, 11(1): 1110-1121.
[37]	Liu JJ, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Reduction of 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity by Sarcodon aspratus polysaccharides in Lewis tumor-bearing mice[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020, 163: 232-239.
[38]	徐盼菊, 孟凡欣, 唐萌, 等. 黑虎掌菌粗多糖制备及体外抗氧化活性研究[J]. 中国酿造, 2017, 36(3): 150-155.
	Xu PJ, Meng FX, Tang M, et al. Preparation of polysaccharides from Sarcodon imbricatus and their in vitro antioxidant activity[J]. China Brew, 2017, 36(3): 150-155.
[39]	丁祥, 侯怡铃, 秦航, 等. 翘鳞肉齿菌多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化活性的研究[J]. 西南师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2015, 40(6): 37-42.
	Ding X, Hou YL, Qin H, et al. On extraction, purificationand antioxidant activity of polysaccharidefrom Sarcodon imbricatum(L.: Fr)Karst[J]. J Southwest China Norm Univ Nat Sci Ed, 2015, 40(6): 37-42.
[40]	郑义, 王卫东, 孙月娥, 等. 翘鳞肉齿菌多糖的抗氧化活性分析[J]. 天然产物研究与开发, 2013, 25(11): 1582-1586.
	Zheng Y, Wang WD, Sun YE, et al. Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Sarcodon aspratus[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev, 2013, 25(11): 1582-1586.
[41]	Wang X, Qu YD, Zhang YF, et al. Antifatigue potential activity of Sarcodon imbricatus in acute excise-treated and chronic fatigue syndrome in mice via regulation of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress[J]. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2018, 2018: 9140896.
[42]	Wang X, Chu QB, Jiang X, et al. Sarcodon imbricatus polysaccharides improve mouse hematopoietic function after cyclophosphamide-induced damage via G-CSF mediated JAK2/STAT3 pathway[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9: 578.
[43]	Wang X, Wang ZQ, Wu HH, et al. Sarcodon imbricatus polysaccharides protect against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression via regulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2018, 120: 736-744.
[44]	马玉聪, 杨爱敏, 张拴成, 等. 核因子E2相关因子2/抗氧化反应元件信号通路在生殖系统中的研究进展[J]. 中华生殖与避孕杂志, 2021, 41(12): 1154-1159.
	Ma YC, Yang AM, Zhang SC, et al. Research advances of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/antioxidant response element signaling pathway in reproductive system[J]. Chin J Reprod Contracept, 2021, 41(12): 1154-1159.
[45]	李健儿. 菌中之王: 黑虎掌菌[J]. 家庭中医药, 2013, 20(1): 75.
	Li JE. King of bacteria: black palm fungus[J]. Fam Tradit Chin Med, 2013, 20(1): 75.
[46]	Sim WS, Choi SI, Jung TD, et al. β-glucan content and antioxidant activity of mixed extract from Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran[J]. J Fd Hyg Safety, 2018, 33(3): 200-206.
[47]	Saniewski M, Zalewska T, Krasińska G, et al. (90)Sr in King Bolete Boletus edulis and certain other mushrooms consumed in Europe and China[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 543(Pt A): 287-294.
[48]	Jankov M, Léguillier V, Gašić U, et al. Antibacterial activities of Agaricus bisporus extracts and their synergistic effects with the antistaphylococcal drug AFN-1252[J]. Foods, 2024, 13(11): 1715.
[49]	Yamaç M, Bilgili F. Antimicrobial activities of fruit bodies and/or mycelial cultures of some mushroom isolates[J]. Pharm Biol, 2006, 44(9): 660-667.
[50]	Alves MJ, Ferreira ICFR, Martins A, et al. Antimicrobial activity of wild mushroom extracts against clinical isolates resistant to different antibiotics[J]. J Appl Microbiol, 2012, 113(2): 466-475.

活性成分 Active ingredient	人肝癌 Human liver cancer （H22）	人肝癌 Human liver cancer （HepG2）	人卵巢癌 Human ovarian cancer （HO-8910）	小鼠肉瘤 Mouse pancreatic cancer （S180）	人宫颈癌 Human cervical cancer （HeLa）	人乳腺癌 Human breast cancer （BT-474）	人乳腺癌 Human breast cancer （MCF-7）	参考文献 Reference
SIPa		+	+					[35]
SIPb		+	+					[35]
粗多糖				+				[33]
PSAN					+			[34]
PSAA					+			[34]
SIE							+	[36]
SIP-1-1						+		[24]
SIP-2-1		+	+					[24]
SATP	+							[37]

活性成分 Active ingredient	人肝癌 Human liver cancer （H22）	人肝癌 Human liver cancer （HepG2）	人卵巢癌 Human ovarian cancer （HO-8910）	小鼠肉瘤 Mouse pancreatic cancer （S180）	人宫颈癌 Human cervical cancer （HeLa）	人乳腺癌 Human breast cancer （BT-474）	人乳腺癌 Human breast cancer （MCF-7）	参考文献 Reference
SIPa		+	+					[35]
SIPb		+	+					[35]
粗多糖				+				[33]
PSAN					+			[34]
PSAA					+			[34]
SIE							+	[36]
SIP-1-1						+		[24]
SIP-2-1		+	+					[24]
SATP	+							[37]

活性成分 Active ingredient	质量浓度Mass concentration/（μg·mL^-1）	DPPH·清除率 DPPH ·clearance rate/%	·OH清除率 ·OH clearance rate%	·O^2-清除率 ·O^2- clearance rate/%	ABTS⁺·清除率 ABTS⁺·clearance rate/%	参考文献 Reference
四川黑虎掌菌多糖	500	86.14	99.98	71.78	-	[38]
云南黑虎掌菌多糖	500	76.54	99.93	58.52	-	[38]
SKP-1	100	40.63	-	-	-	[39]
SKP-1	320	-	51.60	-		[39]
SKP-1	3 000	-	-	-	69.75	[39]
SAP-4	200	94.97	-	-	-	[40]
SAP-2	10 000	-	26.63	-	-	[40]
SAP-4	10 000	-	22.49	-	-	[40]
乙酸乙酯提取物	640	97.59	-	-	-	[17]
黑虎掌菌多糖	3 600	73.16	52.27	-	-	[29]

活性成分 Active ingredient	质量浓度Mass concentration/（μg·mL^-1）	DPPH·清除率 DPPH ·clearance rate/%	·OH清除率 ·OH clearance rate%	·O^2-清除率 ·O^2- clearance rate/%	ABTS⁺·清除率 ABTS⁺·clearance rate/%	参考文献 Reference
四川黑虎掌菌多糖	500	86.14	99.98	71.78	-	[38]
云南黑虎掌菌多糖	500	76.54	99.93	58.52	-	[38]
SKP-1	100	40.63	-	-	-	[39]
SKP-1	320	-	51.60	-		[39]
SKP-1	3 000	-	-	-	69.75	[39]
SAP-4	200	94.97	-	-	-	[40]
SAP-2	10 000	-	26.63	-	-	[40]
SAP-4	10 000	-	22.49	-	-	[40]
乙酸乙酯提取物	640	97.59	-	-	-	[17]
黑虎掌菌多糖	3 600	73.16	52.27	-	-	[29]

提取方式 Extraction method	大肠杆菌 Escherichia coli	枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis	白色念珠菌 Candida albi-cans	金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus	绿脓杆菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa	鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 Salmonella typh-imurium	无乳链球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae	化脓链球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes	产气杆菌Aerogenic bacteria	黑曲霉 Aspergillus niger	青霉 Penicilli-um	参考文献 Reference
酶解										+	+	[30]
氯仿	+			+	+	+			+			[49]
乙酸乙酯		+		+								[17]
二氯甲烷		+										[49]
乙醇		+										[49]
正丁醇		+		+								[17]
甲醇	+		+				+	+				[50]