Sanghuang, a type of xylobasidiomycetes belonging to the Rustachromataceae family, is highly regarded as a valuable perennial medicinal fungus. Due to its strong biological activity, it has attracted extensive attention and research enthusiasm from scholars in various fields worldwide. Modern pharmacology has found that Sanghuang has extremely high medicinal value due to its rich content of biologically active substances, particularly polyphenols are one of the most important active ingredients. These polyphenols provide Sanghuang with significant pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor effects, antioxidant properties, anti-aging effects, blood sugar reduction capabilities, immune enhancement abilities and damage repair functions. In this paper, we sort the development process of Sanghuang species and briefly summarize their main distribution areas. We also compile and summarize the isolated polyphenols from Sanghuang fungi along with their biological activities. Based on current research on the biological activities of Sanghuang fungi, we systematically summarize the progress in studying the medicinal effects of major polyphenols and provide detailed insights into their potential mechanisms for antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-tumor capabilities as well as adjuvant treatment for diabetic complications. Additionally, we discuss key issues existing in polyphenol studies related to Sanghuang fungi while addressing current developmental bottlenecks faced by Sanghuang industry. Furthermore, we propose future research directions for polyphenols derived from Sanghaung fungi, which lay a theoretical foundation for improving therapeutic efficacy and rational application of these compounds as drugs. This provides new ideas for applying polyphenols in medicine.

Lyophyllum decastes, a rare edible and medicinal fungus, contains rich polysaccharides, vitamins and trace elements and other nutrients that are vital to the human body due to its unique geographical distribution and growth conditions. Among them, polysaccharides, as the core active components of Lyophyllum decastes, are isolated from its fruiting body through various extraction technologies such as hot water extraction and water extraction alcohol precipitation method, and these polysaccharides play a pivotal role in physiological activities and have far-reaching significance for the research and development and technical application of food and pharmaceutical products; therefore, it has attracted the close attention of many scientific researchers. Different analytical methods were used to explore the structural characteristics of L. decastes polysaccharides, and it was revealed that they were mainly composed of α and β glycosidic bonds,and glucose and mannose dominated the monosaccharide components.Current studies have shown that L. decastes's polysaccharides had a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, and reduction of blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipids, as well as significant improvement effects on the regulation of intestinal flora, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. In the field of food and medicine, L. decastes polysaccharides have been widely used in the development of health drinks, seasoning sauces, lipid-lowering pills and other products, and have achieved fine market feedback. However, despite the progress that has been made, there is still a lot of improving spaces in the development of L. decastes-based products, indicating its huge potential in the future market.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the extraction technology and their advantages and disadvantages, structural characteristics and analysis methods, biological activity and action mechanism of L. decastes polysaccharides, as well as application examples in daily life, and to conduct a forward-looking discussion on this basis, aiming to provide valuable reference and insight for the in-depth development and application of L. decastes polysaccharides in the field of medicine and health care products.

Sarcodon imbricatus, also known as Tremellodon gelatinosum, tasted tender and delicious, is one of the famous edible and medicinal dual-use fungi, widely distributed and has attracted the attention of many scholars at home and abroad. Its fruiting body and mycelium are rich in nutrients such as polysaccharides, proteins, minerals, amino acids, trace elements, sterols, etc., which have pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, and thus have broad application prospects. With the isolation, purification, and identification of polysaccharides from S. imbricatus, as well as related studies on pharmacological activity, the extraction process and efficacy analysis mechanism of polysaccharides from S. imbricatus have become increasingly clear. However, further exploration is needed on how polysaccharides regulate the expressions of proteins and genes in vivo, as well as the efficacy and mechanisms of other components in S. imbricatus. This article sorts and summarizes the reported status of studies on S. imbricatus. Firstly, we summarized the morphological characteristics of the fruiting body, and the chemical compositions of the fruiting body and mycelium. Secondly, we discussed the fermentation conditions of mycelium and the yield of polysaccharides and peptides from fruiting body using different extraction methods. Then, we summarized the research progresses of using S. imbricatus in anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial aspects. Finally, we discussed the research and development prospects of S. imbricatus, aiming to provide theoretical basis for related mushroom industry research and reference for development and utilization.

【Objective】 To investigate the effect and the corresponding mechanism of Cordyceps militaris（C. militaris）extract on lowering uric acid by hyperuricemia model rats. 【Method】 The contents of total sugars, reducing sugars, polysaccharides, proteins and polyphenols in C. militaris extract were determined. The rat model of hyperuricemia was established based on feeding of potassium oxonate combined with yeast paste. The serum uric acid level, renal function, oxidative stress and inflammation of rats and the changes of intestinal microbial composition were measured to evaluate the effect of C. militaris extract on hyperuricemia rats and its mechanism. 【Result】 The C. militaris extract contained 35.86% polysaccharides, 27.05% proteins, and 0.21% polyphenols. Animal experiments demonstrated that C. militaris extract significantly reduced the serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemia rats. The most effective dose was found to be 0.5 g/(kg·d), leading to a reduction in uric acid levels from 281.62 μmol/L to 93.27 μmol/L, with an inhibition rate of 66.88%. It also inhibited the oxidative stress and inflammation in renal tissue of hyperuricemia rats. Molecular mechanism studies showed that C. militaris extract down-regulated uric acid transporter1（URAT1）and glucose transporter 9（GLUT9）, up-regulated the expressions of organic anion transporter 1（OAT1）and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2（ABCG2）in renal tissues of hyperuricemia rats. Concurrently, C. militaris extract significantly inhibited the xanthine oxidase activity in liver tissues. In addition, C. militaris extract enhanced the diversity of intestinal microbiota and maintained the balance of intestinal microecology in hyperuricemia rats. 【Conclusion】 C. militaris extract demonstrated a good anti-hyperuricemia effect, which might be related to regulating the expression of uric acid transporter and inhibiting the activity of xanthine oxidase.

【Objective】 The aim of this study is to optimize the cultivation and polysaccharide extraction conditions of Ganoderma tsugae, analyze its antioxidant activity in vitro, and clarify the polysaccharide activity of G. tsugae. 【Method】 The agronomic traits and sugar content of G. tsugae were used as indicators to optimize the cultivation conditions and analyze its antioxidant activity in vitro. Furthermore, response surface design was used to optimize the extraction of G. tsugae crude polysaccharide（GTP）and to investigate its protective effect on H₂O₂ induced HepG2 cells. 【Result】 The fruiting body mass and polysaccharide content are the highest, while the optimal cultivating conditions for G. tsugae is shading rate of 60%, temperature of 30℃, humidity of 80%, and CO₂ concentration of 0.03%. Water extracts from G. tsugae also present promising antioxidant activity in vitro, with the ability to scavenge free radicals and resist superoxide anions. The optimal extraction method for sugar is at an extraction temperature of 82℃, extraction time of 5.6 h, and a liquid-solid ratio of 56 mL/g, reaching 1.90%. 【Conclusion】 The cultivation conditions and polysaccharide extraction process of G. tsugae were clarified, and it was confirmed that it has antioxidant activity in vitro. Its protective effect on H₂O₂-induced HepG2 is related to oxidative stress.

【Objective】 The aim is to optimize the extraction process of Sanghuongporus vaninii polysaccharides（SVP）, explore the antibacterial mechanism of SVP, and provide reference for the development of natural antimicrobial agents. 【Method】 Based on single factor experiments and response surface analysis, we optimized the process of extracting polysaccharides by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and improve the polysaccharides extraction yield. By measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration, growth curve, and enzyme activities, we studied the antibacterial activity of SVP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 【Result】 When the extraction temperature is 86℃, the time is 1.6 h, and the ratio of material to liquid is 1:24 g/mL, the extraction yield of polysaccharides is 4.07%. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of polysaccharides against E. coli and S. aureus are 2.000 mg/mL and 1.500 mg/mL, respectively. Compared with the negative control group, the extracellular alkaline phosphatase（AKP）activity of E. coli and S. aureus increased by 3.7 times（P < 0.05）and 2.6 times（P < 0.05）, the enzyme activity of β-galactosidase increased by 6.2%（P < 0.01）and 7.3%（P < 0.01）, the ΔOD _260nm increased by 60%（P < 0.01）and 1.2 times（P < 0.01）, the intracellular Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity decreased by 28.9%（P < 0.001）and 34.8%（P < 0.001）, the Ca²⁺-ATPase activity decreased by 43.2%（P < 0.001）and 35.6%（P < 0.001）, the ATPase activity decreased by 20.1%（P < 0.001）and 34.6%（P < 0.001）, the malate dehydrogenase（MDH）activity decreased by 23.5%（P < 0.001）and 28.7%（P < 0.001）, and the succinate dehydrogenase（SDH）activity decreased by 17.9%（P < 0.01）and 13.8%（P < 0.01）, respectively. 【Conclusion】 After response surface optimization, the actual extraction yield of SVP is 5.71% higher than the predicted extraction yield, and SVP has a strong inhibitory effect on E. coli and S. aureus. Its mechanism of action may be related to the destruction of bacterial cell membranes, inhibition of energy metabolism enzymes, etc.

【Objective】 The polyphenolic components with excellent anti-cancer activity from the fruiting body of Sanghuangporus vaninii were isolated and screened, and their anti-cancer activity and potential mechanisms of action were analyzed. 【Method】 Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract components from the ethyl acetate fraction. Polyphenolic components with excellent anti-cancer effects were screened for their inhibitory activity on liver cancer cell HepG-2. The main components were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）technology, and the potential mechanism of anti-cancer was elucidated using network pharmacology strategies. 【Result】 Five polyphenolic components（SVa-SVe）were isolated and prepared, among which SVe polyphenolic component demonstrated unique anti-cancer activity, with an inhibition rate of 76.54% on HepG-2 cells at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. SVe significantly promoted apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in HepG-2 cells, showing a dose-dependent effect. Ingredient analysis showed that SVe was mainly composed of 31 compounds. Based on network pharmacology analysis, key compounds such as osmundacetone, hispolo, phellibaumin A, davallialactone in SVe exerted anti-cancer activity by interacting with multiple target proteins（STAT3, mTOR, VEGFA, SRC, ERBB2, and HSP90AA）. 【Conclusion】 The extract SVe derived from S. vaninii possessed unique inhibitory activity on HepG-2 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, which was related to the presence of polyphenolic substances.

【Objective】 Hericium coralloides（Scop.）Pers. is a medicinal and edible fungus. This study focused on optimizing the ultrasonic extraction process of its polysaccharides（HCP）and exploring the in vitro anti-colorectal cancer activity and underlying mechanisms of HCP. 【Method】 Single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology（RSM）S was used to optimize the ultrasonic extraction conditions of HCP. MTT assays and Western blot analyses were applied to investigate the anti-colorectal cancer activity and mechanisms of HCP. 【Result】 The optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions for H. coralloides polysaccharides were as follows: extraction power of 417 W, liquid-to-material ratio of 62 mL/g, and extraction time of 52.5 min. The predicted extraction yield of polysaccharides was 19.61%, with an actual yield of（19.58±0.05）%. HCP inhibited the growth of SW480 cells by reducing the phosphorylation levels of IKK, IκBα, and NF-κB, thereby decreasing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-6. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration（IC₅₀）was 1.246 mg/mL. 【Conclusion】 The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction rate of H. coralloides polysaccharides was 19.58%. HCP suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the growth of SW480 cells. These findings suggest that HCP has potential therapeutic effects on colorectal cancer.

Rice leaf width is a crucial component of leaf morphology, which has biological significance to leaf construction and photosynthesis. Leaf width morphogenesis is accomplished in rice by cell division and cell expansion in the medio-lateral axis direction of the leaf primordium, a process that is influenced by phytohormones, cellular metabolism, and the expression levels of related genes. TDD1, NAL7 and FIB are involved in the tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway in rice, and GID1, GID2, and SLR1 are involved in the negative regulation of leaf width in rice by GA. Genes such as NAL21, NLG1, and NAL9 are essential for maintaining organelle homeostasis and normal cellular metabolism. While most rice leaf width genes act on cell division through the auxin signaling, CCC1 is involved in cell expansion by regulating cellular osmotic potential. The transcription factor WL1 negatively regulates the expression of the serine protease gene NAL1 by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS-RELATED PROTEIN, and consequently the auxin signaling pathway is affected. Exploring the genes related to leaf width development and applying them to breeding practice is of great significance for improving rice yield. Utilizing germplasm resources to explore superior haplotypes of rice leaf width gene and gene editing technology represented by CRISPR/Cas9 provide abundant means and ways to improve rice leaf width. When utilizing the rice leaf width gene for trait improvement, comprehensive consideration should be given to pleiotropy and genetic interactions, which should be combined with production practice to avoid adverse effects on other traits. In this review we summarized the genetic regulatory mechanism of rice leaf width from the aspects of histological characteristics, plant hormones, molecular mechanisms and leaf width-related genes, discussed the significance and strategies of rice leaf width improvement in breeding, and provided ideas for research on the molecular mechanism of rice leaf shape and the breeding of “ideal plant architecture”.

The plant MADS-box transcription factors constitute a class of proteins that possess the MADS-box structural domain. These proteins play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as in responding to adversity. The biological functions of rice MADS-box transcription factors have gained significant attention, leading to numerous research advancements. The functions of at least 33 of the 75 known rice MADS-box family members have been studied and reported,and they play pivotal roles in flower development, spikelet development, plant height morphogenesis, root development, flowering habit, seed development, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses,such as drought, salinity, high temperature, low temperature, and rice blast. Research has shown that MADS-box members form a complex regulatory network by interacting with each other or with other transcription factors, which mainly involves phytohormone signaling, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, ubiquitination, DNA methylation and the synergistic effects among them. It was found that most MADS-box family members are involved in the regulation of growth and development, especially flower development, and there is redundancy in the biological functions of some of them, but they may play roles in different developmental stages, tissue types, or environmental conditions, and more in-depth analysis of the functional specificity and redundancy of these genes is needed in the future in order to reveal their unique roles in the growth and development of rice. However, there are still numerous members of the rice MADS-box family whose functions are unknown, and more research is needed to reveal their roles. Notably, some rice MADS-box members show potential application value, and the efficient utilization of these genetic resources to improve traits such as yield, quality, and stress tolerance of rice through prime editing and heavy ion beam irradiation mutagenesis technology is an important direction for future research.In this paper, we summarize the biological functions of rice MADS-box transcription factors, aiming to provide insights and strategies for rice molecular breeding.

Insects are one of the most species-diverse groups of organisms in nature, and they have established close symbiotic relationships with a variety of functionally unique symbionts during their long evolutionary process. These symbiotic relationships were understood to be mutually beneficial in the early days, and recent studies have also revealed commensalism and parasitism. Among these symbionts, actinomycetes are a special group of microorganisms that can be found in the insect gut, feces, antennae, exoskeleton, and the fungus gardens of fungus-growing insects, which help host insects to defend themselves against pathogens, parasites, and predators, and they play an important role in maintaining the survival and reproduction of host insects. In recent years, a variety of novel compounds have been isolated from the metabolites produced by insect-associated actinomycetes, which can inhibit the proliferation of various plant and animal pathogens, tumor cells, and cancer cells. Therefore, the study on insect-associated actinomycetes can not only analyze the symbiotic mechanism between host and microorganisms but also provide new options for developing biopesticides and biopharmaceuticals. This paper reviews the research progress on the mining and utilization of insect-associated actinomycetes, mainly summarizes the resources and functional diversity of different species of insect-associated actinomycetes, concurrently classifies the secondary metabolites of insect-associated actinomycetes with important activities according to the structural differences, including polypeptide, quinine and polyketide, lactone, alkaloid and other compounds, as well as explores the functional diversity of these secondary metabolites, thus providing a foundation for understanding the operation of ecosystems, discovering new bioactive substances, and developing new biopesticides and pharmaceuticals.

Single-cell multi-omics technologies have brought new vitality into life sciences and medicine and enable us to explore the unknowns of life and expand the boundaries of medicine from a more microscopic cellular scale, a higher-dimensional spatial-temporal perspective, and a more intersectional vision of genomics. Single-cell proteomics（SCP）is the study of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of protein expression in a single or a single type of cell. Despite technical difficulties such as throughput, sensitivity, and resolution, mass spectrometry-based cell-scale spatiotemporal proteomics technologies have attracted much attention due to its characteristics of unbiased detection, multiple identification types and accurate quantification. This paper reviews the development of single-cell proteomics in recent years, introduces the related technological advances in four aspects, namely, single-cell sorting, sample pre-treatment, mass spectrometry detection, and data analysis, and discusses its applications and prospects for development in life science and medical research. Spatiotemporal proteomics research at the single-cell level presents both challenges and opportunities, and the emerging single-cell proteomics technologies will undoubtedly provide new ideas and methods, cognitive clues, and multimodal data, and other valuable resources for related research fields.

【Objective】 Using SCoT molecular marker technology, the genetic diversity analysis and DNA fingerprinting were conducted on 17 germplasm resources of Atractylodes macrocephala, providing a theoretical basis for the identification, preservation, and breeding of new varieties of A. macrocephala germplasm. 【Method】 Thirteen core primers were selected from 92 SCoT primers for molecular labeling of A. macrocephala. Popgene1.32 software and NTSYS pc 2.10e software were used for diversity analysis and cluster analysis of A. macrocephala germplasm resources. A DNA molecular fingerprint map of A. macrocephala was constructed by combining the core primers of SCoT-9, SCoT-12, and SCoT-41. 【Result】 A total of 192 bands were obtained from 17 samples of A. macrocephala amplified by 13 SCoT core primers, including 165 polymorphic bands, with an average percentage of 85.94%. The genetic similarity coefficient（GS）and genetic distance（GD）ranged from 0.578 1 to 0.875 0 and 0.133 5 to 0.548 0, respectively. The observed number of alleles（Na）in the A. macrocephala germplasm was 1.859 4, the effective number of alleles（Ne）was 1.418 0, the Nei's genetic diversity index（He）was 0.256 3, and the Shannon information index（I）was 0.396 8. Cluster analysis showed that A. macrocephala was a cultivated variety, while the wild variety of Daweishan was separately clustered into another category. By the 17 constructed DNA fingerprint maps of A. macrocephala germplasm resources, the samples were distinguished and accurately identified. 【Conclusion】 The germplasm resources of A. macrocephala have relatively rich genetic diversity, but the genetic differences among cultivated A. macrocephala from different regions are low, indicating that geographical location is not a decisive factor in determining the distance of A. macrocephala kinship.

【Objective】 OsRhoGDI1, a rice RhoGDI gene, was isolated from young panicles through yeast two-hybrid screening, using Rho/Rop protein OsRac5 as bait. RhoGDIs genes encode Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors, which negatively regulate the activities of Rho proteins. Transgenic technology was applied to identify the functions of OsRhoGDI1, aiming to lay a foundation for further research on the functional relationship between OsRhoGDI1 and OsRac5 in rice growth and development. 【Method】 OsRhoGDI1-overexpressed vector was constructed, and rice were transformed to obtain positive transgenic plants. The grain shape and germination characteristics of transgenic rice was analyzed. The expressions of grain-shape-regulating genes in grain development were detected through RT-qPCR, and scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the characteristics of glume cells. The germination characteristics were compared between OsRhoGDI1-overexpressed rice and control, and the expressions of the genes involved in synthesis and metabolism of gibberellin（GA）and abscisic acid（ABA）were detected by RT-qPCR, as well as the expressions and activities of α-amylases. 【Result】 Compared with the control rice, the OsRhoGDI1-overexpressed rice showed a significant increase in grain length, decrease in grain width, thickness and thousand grain weight. The expressions of grain-shape-regulating gene GS2, GS5, GS6 and GLW7 in young panicles also reduced to varying degrees, while the expression of GW2 increased. The lengths of glume cells in the transgenic rice increased, while the width decreased. The germination of transgenic rice was earlier than that of control, and the expressions of GA synthesis genes, ABA catabolic genes, and α-amylase genes increased to varying degrees, while the expressions of GA catabolic genes and ABA synthesis genes decreased. α-amylase activities were also enhanced in the transgenic rice, compared to the control. 【Conclusion】 The overexpression of OsRhoGDI1 gene regulates rice grain shape by altering the expressions of grain shape genes, leading to elongation of glume epidermal cells, resulting in increase of grain length and decrease of grain width. Meanwhile, the overexpression of this gene also changes the expressions of germination-related genes, increase the activities of α-amylase, thus enhance seed vigor and promote germination.

【Objective】 To investigate the function of tomato SlYABBY2b and elucidate the mechanism of fruit size regulation, thus laying the foundation for enhancing the gene networks involved in fruit development and uncovering valuable tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）gene resources in China. 【Method】 Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, yabby2b mutant lines were generated by editing the SlYABBY2b gene in tomato ‘Ailsa Craig’. The phenotypic changes of the yabby2b mutants were analyzed, followed by quantification of fruit cell numbers through paraffin sectioning. Expression changes of candidate genes in the yabby2b mutants were assessed using RT-qPCR, along with the analysis of promoter regulatory elements of these genes. 【Result】 Chimeric or biallelic mutants were identified in the T₀ generation, while three homozygous mutants were isolated in the T₁ generation, devoid of transgenic elements. Phenotypic observations revealed that yabby2b mutant plants demonstrated the reduced height and smaller fruits compared to the wild type. Further investigation into fruit development indicated that the ovary of yabby2b mutants was smaller with decreased ovary cell numbers during early fruit development. Analysis of candidate gene expressions revealed an up-regulation of SlFW2.2, a cell division suppressor, in response to the SlYABBY2b mutation, along with the presence of regulatory elements of YABBY transcription factors on the SlFW2.2 promoter. 【Conclusion】 These findings suggest that SlYABBY2b may play a role in regulating plant height and fruit size in tomatoes by modulating SlFW2.2 gene expression, thereby influencing cell division in early fruit development and ultimately determining fruit size.

【Objective】 In order to ensure the standardization and accuracy of transgenic detection technology, this study is aimed to develop a multi-target plasmid standard molecule suitable for qualitative and quantitative detection of transgenic soybean. 【Method】 In order to characterize molecular features of 13 transgenic soybean events, nucleic acid fragments containing multi-target sequences were synthesized. These fragments were inserted into the multiple cloning sites of the pUC57 plasmid and transformed into Escherichia coli, resulting in the development of a plasmid DNA standard molecule, pUC57-SOY, containing 27 transgenic soybean target sequences. The target specificity of the DNA standard molecule pUC57-SOY was tested using conventional PCR, single, and duplex real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qPCR）detection methods. The applicability range and quantitative parameters were evaluated using 13 transgenic soybean events for quantitative detection. 【Result】 In PCR detection, all 24 target sequences contained in the plasmid DNA were consistently amplified without non-specific amplification products, indicating the excellent specificity of the plasmid DNA standard molecule pUC57-SOY in practical detection. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（qPCR）analysis demonstrated a good linear correlation between different concentrations of the plasmid standard molecule and target amplification efficiency. Using pUC57-SOY as a positive reference, the actual sample detection results were consistent with expectations when applying the standard curve interpolation method. 【Conclusion】 The multi-target plasmid standard molecule pUC57-SOY developed in this study showed excellent performance in line with the requirements of qualitative and quantitative detection of transgenic components. In qualitative detection, 24 detection targets can be stably detected and have good specificity. In quantitative detection, a standard substance corresponding to 13 kinds of targets can be accurately determined. Therefore, the plasmid standard molecule pUC57-SOY created in this study can be used as a positive control product for the detection of transgenic soybeans.

【Objective】 ABFs（ABRE binding factors）/AREB（ABA responsive element binding）transcription factors, which not only participate in the plant stress response, but also affect the development of plants and fruits. Understanding its role in jujube fruit development provides a basis for further study of jujube ABF gene function. 【Method】 We conducted genome-wide identification of jujube ABF gene and analyzed the physicochemical analysis, subcellular localization, gene structure, motifs, phylogenetic relationships, promoter cis-acting elements and expression patterns. 【Result】 Five ABF genes were found in the jujube genome and located on five different pseudochromosomes. The length of the coding amino acid sequence of ZjABF was 321 to 474 aa, the isoelectric point was 7.75 to 9.85, the hydrophilic coefficient was between -0.807 and -0.592, and all five members were hydrophilic proteins. The instability coefficient ranged from 35.62 to 61.51. Gene structure and motif analysis showed that all ABF family members had UTR, containing 3 to 5 exons and 6 to 7 motifs. Phylogenetic trees grouped the ABF family into three large classes. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that jujube ABF gene family promoters had multiple cis-acting elements related to response hormones and abiotic stress. By analyzing the transcriptome data at different stages of fruit development, all ZjABFs except ZjABF4 were differently expressed, indicating that the ABF family played a regulatory role in fruit development. Interacting proteins of ZjABF3, ZjABF4, and ZjABF5 were predicted using homologous proteins. 【Conclusion】 The structure of ABF family in jujube is conserved, and there are multiple cis-acting elements in the promoter region that respond to hormones and abiotic stress, with different expression patterns during different stages of fruit development.

【Objective】 The transporter protein PsMATE40 has been identified with an important role in the transport of seed amygdalin of Prunus sibirica. The aim of this study is to clone the specific promoter of PsMATE40 gene from P. sibirica seeds and to explore PsMATE40 expression driven by its native promoter, which should provide an important foundation for the application of PsMATE40 and its specific promoter. 【Method】 Based on our recent obtained sequence of PsMATE40 gene from the P. sibirica seeds, the full-length promoter fragment（designated as Pro_PsMATE40）of PsMATE40 gene was cloned by genome walking technique with genomic DNA of P. sibirica seeds as a template, and the cis-acting elements were identified within its promoter region by online programs. The GUS staining analysis was conducted to examine transcriptional activity of PsMATE40 gene promoter. Importantly, the plant expression vectors ofPsMATE40 driven self-specific promoter（Pro_PsMATE40）and constitutive promoter（CaMV 35S）were constructed by the seamless cloning. Then it was transiently transformed into tobacco leaves by Agrobacterium-mediated method, and the transcriptional expression of PsMATE40 gene driven by them was comparatively analyzed. 【Result】 The full-length promoter sequence of PsMATE40 gene from P. sibirica seeds was 1 964 bp in length, containing two core promoter regulatory elements（CAAT-box and TATA-box）and several cis-acting regulatory elements in response to the hormone（auxin, jasmone acid and salicylic acid）, stress（light, drought and wounding）and seed development, and importantly, the transcriptional level of PsMATE40 driven by its self-specific promoter（Pro_PsMATE40）was significantly higher compared with under the constitutive promoter（CaMV35S）. 【Conclusion】 The expression of PsMATE40 gene from P. sibirica seeds is regulated by the complicated factors involved in plant hormones and biotic and abiotic stresses, and the self-specific promoter could effectively promote transcriptional expression of PsMATE40 gene.

【Objective】 Fire blight is a devasting bacterial disease caused by Erwinia amylovora, which seriously affects the production safety of rosaceous plants, such as pears and apples. To explore potential bacterial strains as biocontrol agents for managing fire blight, antagonistic bacteria were isolated from fruits and rhizosphere soil of Malus spectabilis. 【Method】 Biocontrol strains were isolated using plate dilution method, using E. amylovora as the indicator bacterium. Strains with antagonistic effects were screened and rescreened using plate confrontation method and Oxford cup diffusion method. The antagonistic bacteria were identified by morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence homology analysis. The fermentation of antagonistic bacteria were optimized using the single-factor procedure and orthogonal experiments. The fermentation broth of antagonistic bacteria was used to determine the in vitro antagonistic activity against E. amylovora on the fruit of wild apple（Malus sieversii）. 【Result】 Four strains with strong antagonistic effects were isolated（JK1, JK2, JK3 and JK4）, and the strain JK2 showed the strongest antagonistic effect on E. amylovora with a bacteriostatic potency of 359.7 mm/mL. Based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain JK2 was identified as Bacillus velezensis. The optimized culture conditions were determined as follows: initial pH of 6.66, culture temperature of 30.6℃, inoculation size of 3.9%, and rotation speed of 208 r/min. Under these conditions, the number of viable counts was 1.29×10⁹ CFU/mL, a significant increase（53.1%）as compared to the control. The control effects in the fruit of wild apple in greenhouse showed that the disease index of the protective test inoculated with strain JK2 significantly reduced, reaching 65.88%, and the protective effect was better than the therapeutic effect. 【Conclusion】 Strain JK2 demonstrates considerable potential for controlling fire blight, which is a promising candidate for use as a biological control agent.

【Objective】 The identification of the Populus yunnanensis TCP gene family may provide a theoretical basis for the study of TCP gene function and genetic improvement. 【Method】 Based on the whole genome data of P. yunnanensis, the TCP gene family was identified by BLAST, the physical and chemical properties, gene structure, chromosome distribution, phylogeny, promoter analysis and codon characteristics of the members in this family were analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression of the subfamily of TCP gene family, CYC/TB1 gene in different tissues of P. yunnanensis was studied by RT-qPCR. 【Result】 A total of 38 TCP genes were identified in P. yunnanensis, and they were divided into three subfamilies: PCF, CYC/TB1 and CIN. The motif and gene structure of TCP family members of the same evolutionary branch were highly consistent, while there was some diversity among the different branches. The promoter region of TCP gene family was rich in cis-acting elements of growth, hormone and stress response. There were 23 and 37 TCP genes on the chromosomes of P. yunnanensis, respectively, which were found to be collinear with Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa. The codon bias analysis showed that most members ended in A and T（U）, and the natural selection had a strong influence on the codon bias. The expressions of four genes in CYC/TB1 subfamily were significantly higher in lateral buds than in other tissues, these genes may play an important role in the formation and development of lateral buds in P. yunnanensis. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that the TCP family members of P. yunnanensis played an important role in the growth of lateral buds of P. yunnanensis, which provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of TCP gene function and regulation network in P. yunnanensis.

【Objective】 The auxin response factor（ARF）plays an important role in plant growth and development through regulating the expression of auxin response genes. The SvARF gene family members were identified from the Setaria viridis genome, and the expression characteristics of related genes were analyzed, providing support for further research on the relationship between SvARF and the growth and development of S. viridis. 【Method】 The ARF transcription factors were identified from the S. viridis genome by bioinformatics. The phylogenetic evolution, chromosome location, and gene structure were also analyzed. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-qPCR）were used to analyze the expression responses of SvARF gene to 2,4-D isooctyl esters. 【Result】 A total of 24 SvARF genes were identified. The members of SvARF gene family can be divided into 4 subfamilies. SvARF genes in the same subfamily shared similar expression pattern and genes in subfamily III expressed specifically in the tillers. After 2,4-D isooctyl ester treatment, the relative expressions of nine SvARF genes changed significantly. SvARF5, SvARF6, SvARF9, SvARF10, SvARF17 and SvARF18 were up-regulated, while SvARF14, SvARF22, and SvARF24 were down-regulated. 【Conclusion】 There are 24 members in the SvARF gene family. Auxin pesticide affects the expressions of SvARF genes, which may decrease the plant tiller number.

【Objective】 This study is to characterize the tolerance of Desmodesmus subspicatus, a microalga, to glyphosate as well as effects of adsorbing or degrading glyphosate. Also it is to evaluate the effects of D. subspicatus application on improving glyphosate resistance and promoting growth of soybean（Glycine max）seedlings, and removing glyphosate residues from rhizosphere. These findings may offer new insights into elucidation of the absorption or degradation mechanism of glyphosate and other organophosphorus pesticides by microalgae. 【Method】 Different dosages of glyphosate were added to the liquid medium, respectively, in which D. subspicatus was cultured for 5 d. Then microalgal growth and photosynthesis, together with glyphosate residue in the culture solution were examined. Glyphosate was added to the soybean seedling hydroponic solution for 7 d of cultivation, and then the growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were measured. The algal cultures of D. subspicatus were added to the soybean seedling hydroponic solution for 14 d of cultivation under glyphosate stress. After that, physiological parameters were examined for the soybean seedlings, followed by analyzing levels of glyphosate residues in both the seedlings and hydroponic solution. 【Result】 The D. subspicatus had a certain degree of tolerance to glyphosate and maintained effective growth under 100 mg/L glyphosate stress. The removal rate of glyphosates added to the culture solution was high up to 72.26% after 5-day cultivation of the microalga. Glyphosate stress significantly inhibited soybean seedling growth. D. subspicatus application enhanced the plant height, root length, fresh weight and dry weight of soybean seedlings cultivated in the glyphosate-stressed solution by 15.98%, 49.03%, 49.20% and 25.63%, respectively, compared with the glyphosate-stressed controls. Similarly, values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Y（II）, ETR and Fv/Fm increased while NPQ value decreased. Importantly, glyphosate residues in the soybean seedlings and the culture solution significantly reduced by 26.3% and 34.6%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 D. subspicatus cells could absorb or degrade glyphosate in large quantities. The application of D. subspicatus may effectively alleviate the damage of glyphosate stress on the photosynthesis of soybean seedlings, and also significantly reduce the absorption and enrichment of glyphosate in soybean seedlings, thus promoting soybean seedling growth and blocking the migration of glyphosate residues.

【Objective】 To study the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YK3 on the control of Orah canker and its influence on the network of phyllosphere bacteria may provide practical reference for microbial prevention and control of Orah canker. 【Method】 The flat plate antibacterial method was used to isolate the antagonistic bacteria against the Orah canker. In vitro bioassay and potted experiments were used to study the control effect of antagonistic bacteria on Orah canker. The effects of inoculated biocontrol bacteria on bacterial community composition, abundance and bacterial interaction network were studied by high-throughput sequencing technology. 【Result】 A strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YK3 was isolated, which had strong inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria. This strain produced bacteriostatic substances only when organic nitrogen was used as a nitrogen source and could not be used together with copper pesticides. The results of biocontrol test showed that the incidence rate of inoculation with pathogen alone was 96.67%, the incidence rate of inoculation with pathogen and YK3 was 33.33%. The control effect of YK3 on Orah canker was 65.56%. YK3 reduced the relative abundance of phyllosphere Xanthomonas. The positive correlation of phyllosphere bacterial community inoculated with only YK3 was the most complex, followed by simultaneous inoculation of pathogenic bacteria and YK3. The positive correlation of phyllosphere bacterial community inoculated with pathogenic bacteria was the weakest. Simultaneously inoculated with pathogens and YK3, Xanthomonas and Bacillus were negatively correlated with the indigenous bacterial community in phyllosphere. However, there was no overlap between Xanthomonas and Bacillus and the indigenous bacterial community in phyllosphere. Xanthomonas and Bacillus faced competition from different indigenous bacteria alone. 【Conclusion】 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YK3 has a good control effect on Orah canker and can change the diversity and structure of phyllosphere bacteria in Orah. YK3 enhances the positive correlation network, weakens the negative correlation network and improved the interaction network.

【Objective】 To explore innovative ways for the development of microbial fertilizers, rhizosphere microbial resources of plants are being mined from ionic rare earth mines, of which growth-promoting bacteria with multiple functions were isolated and identified, and their biological characteristics and promoting effects were also investigated. 【Method】 The strain DW019 isolated from the rhizosphere in an ionic rare earth mining area in Gannan of Jiangxi province was identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and culture characteristics, classifying its genus and species. Its growth-promoting characteristics was preliminarily determined by the detection of production of IAA, iron carriers, and ammonia. The antagonistic effect of the strain against typical soil-borne disease causative organisms was measured by using the plate-confrontation method. Finally, the growth indexes, chlorophyll, antioxidant enzyme activities, and nutritional quality of lettuce（Lactuca sativa）were measured by potting experiments to determine the growth-promoting effect of strain DW019 on lettuce. 【Result】 The strain was identified as Bacillus cereus DW019, with the ability of producing IAA, iron carrier and ammonia. The strain showed strong inhibition effects against Thanatephorus cucumeris, Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Alternaria alternata（Fries）Keissler. Compared to the control group, the above-ground part biomass, biological indices of potted lettuce were significantly improved by the addition of different concentrations of DW019, respectively, and its chlorophyll content, water content, vitamin C, soluble sugars, malondialdehyde（MDA）and peroxidase（POD）were also significantly promoted. 【Conclusion】 Bacillus cereus DW019 is a multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with phytohormone-producing and biocontrol ability, which has strong inhibitory effect on a variety of soil-borne disease-causing bacteria, and significantly promotes plant growth and improves plant quality.

【Objective】 Selecting fungus that degrades Salvia miltiorrhiza residue（SMR）lignin and exploring its enzymatic characteristics is for having a strain to degrade SMR lignin for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulase. 【Method】 The strains naturally growing on the surface of SMR were selected as the screening source. Basic lignin medium and guaiacol medium were used for preliminary screening, and the medium added with SMR was used for re-screening to select the laccase-producing strains. The strains were identified by ITS sequence analysis. The enzymatic characteristics of laccase from isolated strains were studied. The content of lignocellulose was determined by NREL method, and the enzymolysis effect was investigated by commercial cellulase. 【Result】 A laccase-producing and SMR-tolerant fungus MY-5 was selected and identified as Trichoderma erinaceum by ITS sequence. The enzymatic properties of laccase were investigated. The optimal reaction temperature was 50℃, the enzyme activity was maintained at 85.3% after 24 h at 60℃, and 80.7% after 25 d of low temperature storage at 4℃. The optimal pH was 5, and the activity remained above 90% at pH 4-8 for 24 h. Adding Cu²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and vanillin increased the activity of laccase, and 5 mmol/L Cu²⁺ increased to 1.68 times. Adding 4% SMR and holding it for 24 h, 90.6% laccase activity still was maintained. After 20 d of liquid fermentation, SMR lignin degradation rate reached 36.3%, and the glucose yield and maximum yield increased by 62.6% and 81.0%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 A laccase-producing and SMR-tolerant T. erinaceum MY-5 had been isolated, which had good thermal stability, low temperature storage stability, pH stability and resistance to SMR, which may effectively degrade SMR lignin and improve the efficiency of cellulolytic enzyme hydrolysis, providing a basis for the bio-utilization of Chinese medicinal residue.

【Objective】 Rhizobium yanglingense CCBAU 01603 form efficient nitrogen-fixing nodules with Caragana legumes. Alk_40, one of the offspring of CCBAU 01603, was obtained through experimental evolution in alkaline medium for 500 generations. It was discovered that a significant decrease in exopolysaccharide（EPS）yields of Alk_40 with specific SNPs changes in the gene envZ, iscS, and asnC. EPS yields and environmental adaptability of rhizobia regulated by these key genes were investigated. 【Method】 Three mutants of rhizobia were created by deleting gene envZ, iscS, and asnC, respectively. EPS yields and growth under different environmental conditions of mutants were assessed. 【Result】 In comparison to CCBAU 01603, the envZ, iscS, and asnC mutants presented significantly lower EPS yields in YMA medium, demonstrated diminished fitness in acidic environments, and had a weakened tolerance to high temperatures of 65℃. This observation suggests a correlation between the EPS yield of rhizobia and their resistances to acidic or heat stress. In addition, the mutants lacking the envZ and asnC genes showed the sensitivity to NaCl, resulting in severely limited growth and reproduction in NaCl-containing media. Furthermore, their adaption in alkalescent environments significantly reduced as well. 【Conclusion】 It is discovered that EPS yields of rhizobia can be regulated by gene envZ, iscS, and asnC.

【Objective】 To study the effects of crude extracts of Forsythia suspensa leaves and their tea solution on carbon tetrachloride（CCl₄）induced liver cirrhosis in rats, and to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of different doses of the crude extracts and tea solution of F. suspensa leaves on gut microbiota diversity. 【Method】 The 30 male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, low, medium, and high-dose F. suspensa leaf tea orally administered group, and tea water group according to the principle of similar average body weight. Liver cirrhosis rat model was constructed by subcutaneous injection of CCl₄+CCl₄ olive oil mixture orally administered group. At the same time, different doses of F. suspensa leaf tea crude extract orally administered, and tea water group were intervened for 10 d. Serum was collected for ELISA detection, liver tissue was stained with HE, the liver tissue RNA was extracted for RT-PCR detection, and fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. 【Result】 Both the crude extract of F. suspensa leaves and the tea group significantly improved the morphology of liver cirrhosis in rats, especially the tea group significantly reversed the status of liver cirrhosis. Liver cell steatosis, inflammatory cell infiltration around the central vein, and fibrous connective tissue proliferation in the portal area were significantly improved compared to the model group. The crude extract of F. suspensa leaves and the tea group significantly increased the abundance of probiotics Rothia, Paraacteroides, and Lactobacillus, promoting the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and the enrichment of acid respiration pathways. The crude extract of F. suspensa leaf tea and the tea group inhibited the levels of DAO, TLR-4, and LPS endotoxin factors in the blood, promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory factor 1L-4 and intestinal barrier function factor ZO-1. The composition of intestinal microbiota among the groups was correlated with DAO, LPS, 1L-4, and TLR4, with the highest correlation with intestinal injury index DAO. 【Conclusion】 The crude extract of F. suspensa leaf tea and tea group inhibit in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis by improving the pathological morphology of liver cirrhosis in rats, reducing inflammatory response, improving intestinal microecological dysfunction, and protecting intestinal barrier function.

【Objective】 A marine fungus Aspergillus unguis DLEP2008001 was used for investigating the influence of salinity on the bioactivity and secondary metabolites. 【Method】 The crude extract samples of this strain cultured under different salinities in solid and liquid mediums for 14 and 28 days were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and antioxidative, acetylcholinesterase（AChE）inhibitory, and antimicrobial bioautographies to compare the bioactive secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolite diversity was further investigated by high performance liquid chromatography and “Multi-approach Assisted Feature Based Molecular Network（FBMN）” metabolomic analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS）. 【Result】 The salinity regulated the yield and diversity of antioxidant, AChE inhibitory ingredients and anti-microbial. In seawater-potato-sucrose liquid medium, the strain presented the most fertile feature metabolites when cultured for 28 d under salinity of 35 g/L, while in rice solid medium, it produced the most abundant predominant compounds under salinity of 5 g/L and 35 g/L as the second best condition. The average molecular weights of the predominant metabolites from solid culture generally deceased with the ascending of the salinity and they were mostly small molecules with multiple hydroxyl and amino groups, which are speculated to involve the adjustment of osmotic pressure. 【Conclusion】 Salinity exerts a significant influence on the bioactivity and secondary metabolites of this strain.

【Objective】 To study the effect of astaxanthin（AST）on the proliferation and differentiation of chicken muscle stem cells（Ch-MuSCs）and its potential mechanism. 【Method】 Primary Ch-MuSCs were isolated and treated with different concentrations of AST（0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μmol/L）for 24 h. Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed using 7-AAD and Calcein AM staining, MTT assay and EdU assay. Myotube development was evaluated through immunofluorescence staining. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the expression of key proteins in the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, including PI3k, AKT, phosphorylated PI3k, phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, AMPK, phosphorylated mTOR, and phosphorylated AMPK. 【Result】 Both 0.6 and 1.25 μmol/L AST treatments significantly increased cell activity and reduced necrotic cells（P < 0.01）, with the 1.25 μmol/L AST treatment exhibiting the most significant effect on cell proliferation（P < 0.01）. Immunofluorescence staining of Titin and MyoD revealed that treatment with 1.25 μmol/L AST significantly increased the length of Titin-positive muscle tubes（P < 0.05）and the number of MyoD-positive nuclei per muscle tube（P < 0.05）. Western blot demonstrated that the levels of p-PI3K and p-AKT were significantly elevated in the 1.25 μmol/L AST treatment group（P < 0.05）. The expressions of AMPK and p-AMPK proteins increased, while the expression of mTOR protein decreased（P < 0.05）. After adding the mTOR-selective rapamycin, the expressions of AMPK protein and mTOR protein significantly decreased（P < 0.05）, but the expression of p-AMPK protein did not change significantly. If AST was used simultaneously, it increased the expressions of AMPK and P-AMPK proteins（P < 0.05）, but the expressions of mTOR protein and p-mTOR significantly decreased（P < 0.05）. 【Conclusion】 AST can promote the proliferation and differentiation of Ch-MuSCs by activating AMPK and its upstream signaling molecules PI3K and Akt in the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, and regulate the growth rate of Ch-MuSCs by inhibiting mTOR.

【Objective】 To understand the physiological and metabolic mechanisms of Procambarus clarkii in response to high temperature stress, and to provide references for improving P. clarkii culture management and variety breeding. 【Method】 The P. clarkii were exposed to 32℃ and 37℃, and 26℃ serving as the control condition. Gill samples were collected at 24 and 72 h post-exposure. The study employed a comprehensive analysis of histological observation, biochemical indicators（malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity, pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, lysozyme, and acid phosphatase）, and transcriptome to comprehensively explore the physiological and metabolic responses of P. clarkii to high temperature stress. 【Result】 High temperature damaged the gill tissues and the biochemical indicators overall decreased with the increasing of temperature. When compared to the control group, a total of 226 and 6 937 differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were identified at 24 and 72 h in 32℃ group, and a total of 2 928 and 9 449 DEGs were identified at 24 and 72 h in 37℃ group. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicate that DEGs were significantly enriched in O-glycan biosynthesis, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism processes. Additionally, the DEGs were found to cluster in modules pertinent to immune and energy metabolism based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis（WGCNA）, hub genes like histones（H2A）and mitochondrial components（ND6）were identified. Ten DEGs were randomly selected to validate the RNA-seq results using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction（RT-qPCR）, and the results and the expression profiles of these DEGs were of a well consistent with the high-throughput data, which confirmed the reliability of transcriptome results. 【Conclusion】 At temperatures of 32℃ and 37℃, the gills of P. clarkii are damaged. The glucose utilization rate of P. clarkii is reduced in high temperature environments, causing cellular function to be maintained through the adjustments of heat shock proteins, antioxidant capacity, and metabolism.