鹿茸菇多糖的研究现状及应用

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0806

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

鹿茸菇作为珍稀的食药两用真菌，因其独特的地理分布与生长条件，蕴含了丰富的多糖、维生素及微量元素等对人体至关重要的营养成分。其中，多糖作为鹿茸菇的核心活性成分，通过热水浸提法、水提醇沉法等多种提取技术从其子实体中分离获得，这些多糖在生理活动中扮演着举足轻重的角色，对食品和医药产品的研发及技术应用具有深远意义，因此吸引了众多科研人员的密切关注。利用不同的分析手段探究鹿茸菇多糖的结构特性，揭示其主要由α、β糖苷键构成，且单糖成分中葡萄糖与甘露糖占据主导地位。当前研究表明，鹿茸菇多糖展现出广泛的药理活性，包括抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗氧化，以及降低血糖、血压和血脂等，同时对于肠道菌群的调节、抗菌消炎等方面也展现出显著的改善效果。在食品与医药领域，鹿茸菇多糖已被广泛应用于开发保健饮料、调味酱料、降脂丸等多种产品，并取得了良好的市场反馈。然而，尽管已取得一定进展，以鹿茸菇为基材的产品开发仍存在较大提升空间，预示着其在未来市场中的巨大潜力。本文全面剖析鹿茸菇多糖的提取技术及其优劣势、结构特征与分析手段、生物活性及其作用机制，以及在日常生活中的应用实例，并在此基础上进行前瞻性探讨，旨在为鹿茸菇多糖在医药与保健品领域的深入开发与应用提供有价值的参考与洞见。

关键词: 鹿茸菇多糖, 抗肿瘤, 药理活性, 结构特征, 保健品

Abstract:

Lyophyllum decastes, a rare edible and medicinal fungus, contains rich polysaccharides, vitamins and trace elements and other nutrients that are vital to the human body due to its unique geographical distribution and growth conditions. Among them, polysaccharides, as the core active components of Lyophyllum decastes, are isolated from its fruiting body through various extraction technologies such as hot water extraction and water extraction alcohol precipitation method, and these polysaccharides play a pivotal role in physiological activities and have far-reaching significance for the research and development and technical application of food and pharmaceutical products; therefore, it has attracted the close attention of many scientific researchers. Different analytical methods were used to explore the structural characteristics of L. decastes polysaccharides, and it was revealed that they were mainly composed of α and β glycosidic bonds,and glucose and mannose dominated the monosaccharide components.Current studies have shown that L. decastes's polysaccharides had a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, and reduction of blood glucose, blood pressure and blood lipids, as well as significant improvement effects on the regulation of intestinal flora, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. In the field of food and medicine, L. decastes polysaccharides have been widely used in the development of health drinks, seasoning sauces, lipid-lowering pills and other products, and have achieved fine market feedback. However, despite the progress that has been made, there is still a lot of improving spaces in the development of L. decastes-based products, indicating its huge potential in the future market.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the extraction technology and their advantages and disadvantages, structural characteristics and analysis methods, biological activity and action mechanism of L. decastes polysaccharides, as well as application examples in daily life, and to conduct a forward-looking discussion on this basis, aiming to provide valuable reference and insight for the in-depth development and application of L. decastes polysaccharides in the field of medicine and health care products.

Key words: Lyophyllum decastes polysaccharide, antitumor, pharmacological activity, structural characteristic, healthcare product

陈超, 周博, 何丽, 火艳丽, 肖凡, 李传涌, 杨欢. 鹿茸菇多糖的研究现状及应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(11): 14-23.

CHEN Chao, ZHOU Bo, HE Li, HUO Yan-li, XIAO Fan, LI Chuan-yong, YANG Huan. Research Status and Application of Polysaccharides from Lyophyllum decastes[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(11): 14-23.

图/表 5

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提取方法 Extraction method	考察方式 Mode of investigation	提取物质 Extraction of substance	最佳提取工艺 Optimal extraction process	提取率 Extraction rate/%	参考文献 Reference
蒸汽爆破辅助热水浸提法 Steam blasting-assisted hot water extraction method	单因素和响应面优化法	鹿茸菇菌丝体多糖	压力2.0 MPa，维压时间90 s，物料大小为3 mm	20.09	[18]
热水浸提法 Hot water leaching extraction	单因素和正交试验法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	原料按目数100、料水比1∶80、90℃浸提 2 h	4.23	[13]
酶提取法 Enzymatic extraction	单因素与响应面结合法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	中性酶（溶壁酶）用量1.0%、酶解温度30℃、酶解实间1 h、提取一次	7.52	[20]
酶提取法 Enzymatic extraction	响应面分析法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	酶（纤维素酶）用量2.1%、酶解温度50.4℃、酶解时间98 min，进行重复3次	9.24	[21]
水提醇法 Water extraction alcohol method	单因素与响应面优化法	鹿茸菇菌丝多糖	提取温度89℃、提取时间3 h、液料比30∶1（mL/g）	5.35	[14]
高速剪切提取技术 High-speed shear extraction technology	单因素与响应面分析法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	液料比18 mL/g，转速9 500 r/min，剪切时间2.3 min	26.56	[17]

提取方法 Extraction method	考察方式 Mode of investigation	提取物质 Extraction of substance	最佳提取工艺 Optimal extraction process	提取率 Extraction rate/%	参考文献 Reference
蒸汽爆破辅助热水浸提法 Steam blasting-assisted hot water extraction method	单因素和响应面优化法	鹿茸菇菌丝体多糖	压力2.0 MPa，维压时间90 s，物料大小为3 mm	20.09	[18]
热水浸提法 Hot water leaching extraction	单因素和正交试验法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	原料按目数100、料水比1∶80、90℃浸提 2 h	4.23	[13]
酶提取法 Enzymatic extraction	单因素与响应面结合法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	中性酶（溶壁酶）用量1.0%、酶解温度30℃、酶解实间1 h、提取一次	7.52	[20]
酶提取法 Enzymatic extraction	响应面分析法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	酶（纤维素酶）用量2.1%、酶解温度50.4℃、酶解时间98 min，进行重复3次	9.24	[21]
水提醇法 Water extraction alcohol method	单因素与响应面优化法	鹿茸菇菌丝多糖	提取温度89℃、提取时间3 h、液料比30∶1（mL/g）	5.35	[14]
高速剪切提取技术 High-speed shear extraction technology	单因素与响应面分析法	鹿茸菇子实体多糖	液料比18 mL/g，转速9 500 r/min，剪切时间2.3 min	26.56	[17]

多糖来源 Source of polysaccharides	分析方法 Analytical methods	分子质量 Molecular mass	单糖组成 Monosaccharide composition	糖苷键链接方式 Glycosidic bond linkage	参考文献 Reference
子实体 Fruiting entities	PMP衍生法结合HPLC、红外光谱	1 792.5±40.3 kD	甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、藻岩糖	β构型	[14]
子实体 Fruiting entities	SEM、红外光谱、HPSEC	1.113×107 g/mol	葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸	β构型	[18]
子实体 Fruiting entities	乙酰化、GC-MS、NMR、HPLC	5.729×10⁶Da	L-鼠李糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖	β构型	[17]
子实体 Fruiting entities	苯酚-硫酸法和DNS法、HPLC、红外光谱	51 770 g/mol	葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、葡萄糖醛酸、核糖、木糖	α构型	[25]

多糖来源 Source of polysaccharides	分析方法 Analytical methods	分子质量 Molecular mass	单糖组成 Monosaccharide composition	糖苷键链接方式 Glycosidic bond linkage	参考文献 Reference
子实体 Fruiting entities	PMP衍生法结合HPLC、红外光谱	1 792.5±40.3 kD	甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、藻岩糖	β构型	[14]
子实体 Fruiting entities	SEM、红外光谱、HPSEC	1.113×107 g/mol	葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸	β构型	[18]
子实体 Fruiting entities	乙酰化、GC-MS、NMR、HPLC	5.729×10⁶Da	L-鼠李糖、L-岩藻糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖	β构型	[17]
子实体 Fruiting entities	苯酚-硫酸法和DNS法、HPLC、红外光谱	51 770 g/mol	葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、葡萄糖醛酸、核糖、木糖	α构型	[25]