功能膜覆盖下羊粪堆肥促腐效果及碳氮素转化的微生物机制

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0969

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探讨功能膜覆盖好氧堆肥技术对青藏高原羊粪堆肥碳素和氮素的生物转化影响。方法设置功能膜覆盖处理组（FM）和空白对照组（CK），在青藏高原进行为期30 d的堆肥发酵，测定堆肥过程木质纤维素、腐殖酸、铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮等碳和氮素组分的变化，利用宏基因组学技术分析碳和氮素转化的功能基因和微生物，揭示功能膜覆盖对羊粪堆肥碳和氮素生物转化的影响机制。结果 FM可促进堆肥升温和延长高温期，并显著提升堆肥产品种子发芽指数达14.9%（P<0.05）；FM可显著降低堆肥产品中纤维素和半纤维素含量，降幅分别达8.77%和7.88%（P<0.05），并提升胡敏酸含量达20.0%（P<0.001）；FM有利于氮素保留，显著提升铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量，增幅分别为10.6%、20.0%和16.4%（P<0.05）。有机碳氧化是碳素生物转化的最主要途径，FM的有机碳氧化过程中与木质纤维素降解相关的功能基因丰度高于CK，促进了FM中木质纤维素的降解；而CK组的发酵和甲烷生成过程相关基因丰度高于FM。在氮素转化途径中，硝酸盐还原是堆肥初期最主要的氮素转化步骤，而亚硝酸盐氨化在后期占主导地位。FM的硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐氨化功能基因丰度在堆肥过程中高于CK，而亚硝酸盐还原、一氧化氮还原和氧化亚氮还原过程中则低于CK。结论覆盖功能膜可促进青藏高原羊粪堆肥腐熟，可通过强化微生物有机碳氧化作用促进木质纤维素降解和腐殖酸合成，还可通过抑制反硝化作用和促进亚硝酸盐氨化作用减少氮损失。

关键词: 膜覆盖好氧堆肥技术, 羊粪, 青藏高原, 碳素转化, 氮素转化, 微生物作用机制

Abstract:

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of membrane-covered aerobic composting technology on the biotransformation of carbon and nitrogen during sheep manure composting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Method Two treatment groups were established: the functional membrane covering group (FM) and the blank control group (CK). Composting fermentation was conducted on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over a 30-day period. Changes in carbon and nitrogen components—including lignocellulose, humic acid, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen—were monitored throughout the process. Additionally, metagenomic analysis was employed to identify the functional genes and microbial communities involved in carbon and nitrogen transformation, thereby elucidating the mechanisms through which functional membrane covering influences biotransformation processes. Result FM accelerated the composting heating phase, extended the duration of the thermophilic stage, and significantly improved the germination index of the final compost product by 14.9% (P<0.05). FM significantly reduced the cellulose and hemicellulose contents in the compost by 8.77% and 7.88%, respectively (P<0.05), while increasing humic acid content by 20.0% (P<0.001). Furthermore, FM enhanced nitrogen retention, significantly increasing the contents of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen by 10.6%, 20.0%, and 16.4%, respectively (P<0.05). Organic carbon oxidation was identified as the dominant pathway for carbon transformation. Functional genes associated with lignocellulose degradation were more abundant in the FM group than in the CK group, which can enhance lignocellulose degradation under membrane covering. Conversely, genes involved in fermentation and methane production were more prevalent in CK. Regarding nitrogen transformation, nitrate reduction was the primary pathway during the early composting stage, while nitrite ammonification dominated in the later stage. The FM group exhibited higher abundances of genes involved in nitrate reduction and nitrite ammonification throughout the composting process compared to CK, whereas it showed lower abundances in the pathways of nitrite reduction, nitric oxide reduction, and nitrous oxide reduction. Conclusion The use of functional membrane can effectively promote the maturation of sheep manure compost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, can enhance organic carbon oxidation, facilitate lignocellulose degradation and humic acid synthesis, and can reduce nitrogen loss by suppressing denitrification and promoting nitrite ammonification.

Key words: membrane-covered aerobic composting technology, sheep manure, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, carbon conversion, nitrogen conversion, microbial action mechanism

李荣荣, 蔡瑞. 功能膜覆盖下羊粪堆肥促腐效果及碳氮素转化的微生物机制[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(10): 293-304.

LI Rong-rong, CAI Rui. Microbial Mechanisms of Promoting Humification and Carbon-Nitrogen Transformation of Sheep Manure Composting under Functional Membrane Covering[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(10): 293-304.

图/表 7

图1 堆肥过程基本理化指标的变化*P<0.05， **P<0.01， ***P<0.001， NS： P>0.05， the same below

Fig. 1 Changes in basic physical and chemical indicators during the composting process

图2 堆肥过程碳组分的变化

Fig. 2 Changes in carbon composition during the composting process

图3 堆肥过程氮组分的变化

Fig. 3 Changes in nitrogen components during the composting process

图4 碳素转化功能基因丰度的变化

Fig. 4 Changes in the abundance of function genes of carbon conversion

图5 氮素转化功能基因丰度的变化

Fig. 5 Changes in the abundance of function genes of nitrogen conversion

图6 碳转化功能微生物贡献度的变化

Fig. 6 Changes in the contribution of functional microorganisms of carbon conversion

图7 氮转化功能微生物贡献度的变化

Fig. 7 Changes in the contribution of functional microorganisms of nitrogen conversion

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