微藻油脂合成及高脂藻株培育研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0522

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微藻油脂作为一种潜在的可再生能源和生物燃料资源，在解决能源危机及促进绿色发展方面具有重要意义。藻种特性影响微藻培育、油脂提取和转化等多个环节，选择适宜的原始藻株进行定向育种，有望突破生产过程中总体油脂产率偏低的瓶颈。胁迫培养通过改变微藻的外部生长条件来引起其内部生理和代谢变化，从而促进油脂的积累，本质上是利用微藻自身的应激性反应，需要在油脂积累和生长平衡之间找到最佳点。诱变技术通过物理或化学手段引起微藻细胞损伤，本质上是一种外应力作用下的随机突变，需要从中筛选出具有优良性状的突变株。基因工程育种通过分子生物学手段，定向改造微藻的基因组，具备高精度、高成本和高复杂性。探索高脂藻株培养与资源化理念的结合，可以实现更经济环保的生物质能原料微藻生产模式，推动生物质能产业发展。论文概述了微藻油脂合成的机理及其调控策略，总结了促微藻产油的培育方法，包括胁迫、诱变、基因工程及高脂藻株与资源化生产的联动，强调培育高脂藻株对于实现可持续生物燃料生产的重要作用。通过列举各培育手段在当前微藻油脂高产研究的技术重点和作用机理，说明了当前微藻产油的研究方向和瓶颈，未来的研究可能致力于产油微藻油脂代谢调控网络的发掘完善、高通量育种方法的创新及资源化培养体系的优化。

关键词: 微藻油脂, 藻株培育, 生物质能源, 胁迫培养, 诱变技术, 基因工程育种, 资源化培养

Abstract:

Microalgal lipids, as a potential renewable energy source and biofuel resource, hold significant importance in addressing the energy crisis and promoting green development. The characteristics of algal strains affect various stages of microalgal cultivation, lipid extraction and conversion. Selecting suitable original strains for high-lipid breeding is expected to overcome the bottleneck of low overall lipid yield in the production process. Stress cultivation induces physiological and metabolic changes in microalgae by altering external growth conditions, thereby promoting lipid accumulation. This essentially utilizes the stress response of microalgae, requiring an optimal balance between lipid accumulation and growth. Mutagenesis induces random mutations in microalgae cells through physical or chemical means, essentially acting as external stress-induced random mutations, necessitating the selection of mutants with desirable traits. Genetic engineering breeding involves the precise modification of the microalgal genome through molecular biological techniques, characterized by high precision, high cost, and high complexity. Exploring the integration of high-lipid strain cultivation with resource-efficient concepts can achieve a more economical and environmentally-friendly model biomass energy production, driving the development of the biomass energy industry. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of microalgal lipid synthesis and its regulatory strategies, summarizes the methods for promoting lipid production in microalgae, including stress induction, mutagenesis, and genetic engineering, as well as the synergy between high-lipid strains and resource-efficient production. The paper emphasizes the importance of cultivating high-lipid strains for sustainable biofuel production. By enumerating the key technologies and mechanisms of various cultivation methods in current high-yield microalgal lipid research, the paper highlights the research directions and bottlenecks in microalgal lipid production. Future research may focus on the exploration and improvement of the lipid metabolism regulatory network in oil-producing microalgae, the innovation of high-throughput breeding methods, and the optimization of resource-efficient cultivation systems.

Key words: microalgal lipids, algal strain cultivation, biomass energy, stress cultivation, mutagenesis, breeding by genetic engineering, resource-efficient cultivation

邹涛圳, 李鹏飞, 李新冬, 万欢, 张燚. 微藻油脂合成及高脂藻株培育研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(1): 25-38.

ZOU Tao-zhen, LI Peng-fei, LI Xin-dong, WAN Huan, ZHANG Yi. Research Progress in Microalgal Lipid Synthesis and Cultivation of High-lipid Strain[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(1): 25-38.

图/表 6

图1 生物能源的发展历程及微藻生物能源的用途

Fig. 1 History of bioenergy and uses of microalgal bioenergy

图2 微藻胞内TAG合成与分解主要路径 ATP：三磷酸腺苷；G3P：三磷酸甘油醛；PDH：丙酮酸脱氢酶系；Acetyl-CoA：乙酰辅酶A；Melonyl-CoA：丙二酸单酰辅酶A；ACCase：乙酰辅酶A羧化酶；MAT：丙二酸单酰辅酶A转酰酶；AT：乙酰辅酶A转酰酶；FAS：脂肪酸合酶复合体；FAT：酰基ACP硫酯酶；ACS：脂酰辅酶A合成酶；CA：碳酸酐酶；ME：苹果酸酶；GPAT：三磷酸甘油醛转酰酶；LPA：溶血磷脂酸；LPAT：溶血磷脂酸转酰酶；PA：磷脂酸；PAP：磷脂酸磷酸酶；DAG：二酰甘油；DGAT：二酰甘油转酰酶；TAG：三酰甘油

Fig. 2 Major pathways of intracellular TAG synthesis and catabolism in microalgae ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; G3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; ACCase: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; MAT: malonyl-CoA transacetylase; AT: acetyl-CoA transacetylase; FAS: fatty acid synthase complex; FAT: fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase; ACS: acyl-CoA synthetase; CA: carbonic anhydrase; ME: malic enzyme; GPAT: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases; LPA: lysophosphatidic acid; LPAT: lysophosphatidic acid transacetylase; PA: phosphatidic acid; PAP: phosphatidic acid phosphatase; DAG: diacyl glycerol; DGAT: diacyl glycerol transacetylase; TAG: triacylglycerol

表1 实验室规模下常见产油藻种的生理特性

Table 1 Physiological characterization of common oil-producing algal species at laboratory scale

藻种 Algae species	光照条件 Light conditions	培养基 Culture medium	生物量增长率 Biomass growth rate/（mg·L^-1·d^-1）	油脂含量 Oil content/%	参考文献 Reference
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	光暗交替	优化的f/2	10.49	25.00	[18]
Graesiella emersonii	光暗交替	BG-11	44.06	29.50	[12]
Nannochloropsis sp.	光暗交替	f/2	88.00	37.90	[19]
Dunaliella tertiolecta	光暗交替	f/2	—	30.90	[20]
Isochrysis galbana	光暗交替	f/2	—	35.60	[20]
Chlorella vulgari	连续光照	BG-11	153	27.20	[21]
Scenedesmus obliquus	连续光照	BG-11	120	22.20	[21]

图3 环境因素胁迫促进微藻油脂积累

Fig. 3 Stress of environmental factors promotes oil accumulation in microalgae

图4 等离子体诱变产油微藻作用机理

Fig. 4 Mechanism of action of plasma-mutagenized oil-producing microalgae

图5 产油微藻育种技术优化思路

Fig. 5 Optimization idea of oil-producing microalgae breeding technology

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