芽孢杆菌苎麻脱胶动态过程分析

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-1395

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

苎麻纤维被誉为“天然纤维之王”,应用广泛。脱胶是实现苎麻纤维应用的关键,然而传统化学脱胶工艺使用大量酸碱以及高温高压条件,耗能高且严重污染环境。微生物脱胶工艺由于具备节能环保等优势,是当前的研究热点。为了解决微生物脱胶普遍存在效率低、不均匀等问题,本文利用所筛选的芽孢杆菌LY11进行微生物脱胶试验,通过检测、分析脱胶过程中菌体数量变化、酶活变化、单糖含量变化、残胶率变化、胶质成分变化以及苎麻表面形态变化,深入了解微生物脱胶过程变化规律,为后续微生物脱胶过程的优化控制以及大规模工业应用提供理论和实践指导。

关键词: 苎麻纤维, 微生物脱胶, 变化规律

Abstract:

Ramie fiber is known as the “king of natural fiber” and is widely used in textile industry. Degumming is the key step to have its textile application. However,a lot of acid and alkali under high temperature and pressure are used in the conventional chemical degumming process,which consumes large amounts of energy and seriously pollutes the environment. Microbial degumming technology is currently a research hotspot due to its advantages in energy saving and environmental protection. In order to solve the common problems of low efficiency and unevenness in microbial degumming,an effective strain Bacillus sp. LY11 screened by the authors’ team was used for degumming of ramie fibers. The dynamic variations of the concentration of bacteria,the enzyme activities,the contents of reducing sugar,the residual gum rate,the gum contents and the surface morphology of ramie fibers during the degumming process were studied to reveal the changing rules of the microbial degumming process. This work provides theoretical and experimental guidance for the optimized control of microbial degumming and its large-scale industrial applications.

Key words: ramie fibers, microbial degumming, changing rules

吴亚, 刘一, 舒潼, 王慧慧, 李攀登, 杨英, 余龙江. 芽孢杆菌苎麻脱胶动态过程分析[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(12): 22-28.

WU Ya, LIU Yi, SHU Tong, WANG Hui-hui, LI Pan-deng, YANG Ying, YU Long-jiang. Analysis on the Dynamic Process of Bacillus ramie Degumming[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(12): 22-28.

图/表 8

图1 苎麻生物脱胶过程脱胶液还原糖含量和菌体量变化

Fig. 1 Variations in reducing sugar content and bacterial mass in the degumming solution from the biological degumming process of ramie fiber

表1 苎麻原麻化学成分

Table 1 Chemical composition of raw ramie fiber

化学成分Chemical component	含量Content/%
纤维素Cellulose	73.75±0.12
半纤维素Hemicellulose	13.87±0.06
果胶Pectin	4.27±0.03
水溶物Water-soluble substance	5.58±0.02
脂蜡质Fat waxy	1.58±0.02
木质素Lignin	0.95±0.01

图2 苎麻生物脱胶过程脱胶率和残胶量变化

Fig. 2 Variation of degumming rate and residual gum amount during the biological degumming process of ramie fiber

图3 苎麻生物脱胶过程各胶质成分去除率变化

Fig. 3 Variations in the removal rate of various colloid components in the biological degumming process of ramie fiber

图4 苎麻生物脱胶过程菌株LY11酶活变化

Fig. 4 Variations of enzyme activity of strain LY11 in the biological degumming process of ramie fiber

图5 苎麻生物脱胶过程不同时段苎麻外观 A:苎麻原麻;B:脱胶4 h苎麻;C:脱胶8 h苎麻;D:脱胶12 h苎麻;E:脱胶16 h苎麻;F:苎麻精干麻

Fig. 5 Appearance of ramie at different periods during the biological degumming process of ramie fiber A:Raw ramie fiber; B:4 h ramie fiber degummed; C:8 h ramie fiber degummed;D:12 h ramie fiber degummed; E:16 h ramie fiber degummed; F:refined ramie fiber hemp

表2 苎麻生物脱胶过程不同时段苎麻外观评定

Table 2 Appearance evaluation of ramie at different periods during the biological degumming process of ramie fiber

脱胶时间 Degumming time/h	色泽 Colour and lustre	柔软程度 The degree of soft	硬条 Hard strip	硬块 Gelosis	夹生 Rawish	碎麻 Shredded ramie	斑疵 Blemishes
0	黄褐色	硬	较多	较多	多	多	多
4	黄色	较硬	较多	较多	多	较多	较多
8	青色	适中	较多	较多	较多	较多	较多
12	黄白色	较软	较少	较少	较多	较少	较少
16	黄白色	较软	较少	较少	较多	少	少
精干麻	白色	柔软	无	无	无	无	无

图6 苎麻生物脱胶过程不同时段苎麻扫描电镜观察 A:苎麻原麻;B:脱胶4 h苎麻;C:脱胶8 h苎麻;D:脱胶12 h苎麻;E:脱胶16 h苎麻（放大1 200倍）

Fig. 6 Scanning electron microscope observation of ramie at different periods during the biological degumming process of ramie fiber A:raw ramie fiber; B:4 h ramie fiber degummed; C:8 h ramie fiber degummed;D:12 h ramie fiber degummed; E:16 h ramie fiber degummed（Magnified 1 200 times）

参考文献 21

[1]	Herron SR, Benen JA, Scavetta RD, et al. Structure and function of pectic enzymes:virulence factors of plant pathogens[J]. PNAS, 2000, 97(16):8762-8769. pmid: 10922032
[2]	刘正初, 彭源德, 孙庆祥, 等. 苎麻纤维形态结构物理特性与脱胶方法的关系[J]. 纺织学报, 1994, 15(12):31-34, 4.
	Liu ZC, Peng YD, Sun QX, et al. A study on process of biochemical treatment of linen carded yarn[J]. J Text Res, 1994, 15(12):31-34, 4.
[3]	Beltran R, Hurren CJ, Kaynak A, et al. Correlating the fineness and residual gum content of degummed hemp fibres[J]. Fibers Polym, 2002, 3(4):129-133. doi: 10.1007/BF02912656 URL
[4]	Chen J, Wang Q, Hua ZZ, et al. Research and application of biotechnology in textile industries in China[J]. Enzyme Microb Technol, 2007, 40(7):1651-1655. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.07.040 URL
[5]	Guebitz GM, Buchert J, Cavaco-Paulo A, et al. Advances in biotechnology for fibre processing[J]. Biotechnol Lett, 2006, 28(10):679-680. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9040-8 URL
[6]	王茜. 苎麻高效脱胶菌的筛选与应用研究[D]. 上海:东华大学, 2017.
	Wang Q. Screening and application of bacterial strains for the effective retting of ramie fiber[D]. Shanghai:Donghua University, 2017.
[7]	郑科. 苎麻脱胶细菌的筛选、多样性分析及脱胶性能研究[D]. 北京:中国农业科学院, 2019.
	Zheng K. Screening, diversity and function analysis of bacteria for ramie bio-degumming[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019.
[8]	杨喜爱, 彭源德, 唐守伟, 等. 苎麻复合酶脱胶影响因子优化研究[J]. 中国麻业科学, 2008, 30(1):21-24.
	Yang XA, Peng YD, Tang SW, et al. Optimization of influencing factors during ramie degumming with mixed enzymes[J]. Plant Fiber Sci China, 2008, 30(1):21-24.
[9]	Zhang Q, Yan SQ. Degumming of ramie bast fibers by Ca²⁺-activated composite enzyme[J]. J Text Inst, 2013, 104(1):78-83. doi: 10.1080/00405000.2012.693273 URL
[10]	Basu S, Roy A, Ghosh A, et al. Arĝ235 is an essential catalytic residue of Bacillus pumilus DKS₁ pectate lyase to degum ramie fibre[J]. Biodegradation, 2011, 22(1):153-161. doi: 10.1007/s10532-010-9384-6 URL
[11]	Zheng LJ, Du B, Xing J, et al. Bio-degumming optimization parameters of kenaf based on a neural network model[J]. J Text Inst, 2010, 101(12):1075-1079. doi: 10.1080/00405000903230945 URL
[12]	Saikia R, Boruah P, Samanta R. Microbial degumming of decorticated ramie and its fibre characteristics[J]. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 2009, 34(2):187-190.
[13]	Wang Q, Chen HG, Fang G, et al. Isolation of Bacillus cereus P05 and Pseudomonas sp. X12 and their application in the ramie retting[J]. Ind Crops Prod, 2017, 97:518-524. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.047 URL
[14]	Fan P, He F, Yang Y, et al. In-situ microbial degumming technology with Bacillus sp. HG-28 for industrial production of ramie fibers[J]. Biochem Eng J, 2015, 97:50-58. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.12.010 URL
[15]	张非. 苎麻复合微生物脱胶技术研究[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学, 2014.
	Zhang F. Study on two microbes degumming of decorticated ramie[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2014.
[16]	刘正初. 麻类纤维生物提取与工程研究进展[J]. 中国麻业科学, 2009, 31(S1):93-97, 66.
	Liu ZC. Progress on the science and technology of bio-extraction of bast fibers[J]. Plant Fiber Sci China, 2009, 31(S1):93-97, 66.
[17]	Scheller HV, Ulvskov P. Hemicelluloses[J]. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2010, 61:263-289. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112315 pmid: 20192742
[18]	Shu T, Bai Y, Wang YW, et al. A high-efficiency and eco-friendly degumming process for ramie fibers[J]. J Clean Prod, 2020, 276:124217. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124217 URL
[19]	杨孝儒. 高木聚糖酶活性的HG-49工程菌构建及在苎麻生物脱胶中应用[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学, 2018.
	Yang XR. Construction of HG-49 engineering bacteria with high xylanase activity and its application in biological degumming of Ramie[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2018.
[20]	Li ZF, Li ZL, Ding RY, et al. Composition of ramie hemicelluloses and effect of polysaccharides on fiber properties[J]. Text Res J, 2016, 86(5):451-460. doi: 10.1177/0040517515592811 URL
[21]	Wang YW, Bai Y, Shu T, et al. Characterization of a versatile glycoside hydrolase Cel5M from Pectobacterium carotovorum HG-49 for ramie degumming[J]. Text Res J, 2020, 90(13/14):1602-1615. doi: 10.1177/0040517519894748 URL