昆虫对杀虫剂和转Bt基因植物的抗性进化机制研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1052

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为防治昆虫对农作物的危害，采取了喷施杀虫剂和种植转Bt基因抗虫植物等措施。然而，杀虫剂的大规模使用和转Bt基因抗虫植物的大面积连续种植使得一些靶标昆虫产生了抗性进化，这不仅影响防治效果，而且还影响整个农业生态系统服务功能。本文综述了昆虫对化学杀虫剂、微生物杀虫剂和转Bt基因植物产生抗性的分子机制。昆虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性进化机制主要是靶标位点敏感性下降和解毒酶系活性增强；对微生物杀虫剂的抗性进化机制主要是免疫系统激活和共生菌群变化；对转Bt基因植物的抗性进化机制主要是昆虫中肠结合受体基因突变或表达下调和中肠蛋白酶活性降低。为了减缓昆虫抗性进化和提高杀虫剂效率，未来建议减少使用化学杀虫剂，合理利用杀虫谱广和活性高的微生物杀虫剂以及抗虫植物等方法系统治理农业害虫。

关键词: 昆虫防治, 化学杀虫剂, 微生物杀虫剂, 转Bt基因植物, 抗性机制

Abstract:

To reduce the damage to crop from insects, some agricultural practices have been used such as spraying insecticides and planting Bt-transgenic insect-resistant plants. However, since insecticides are continuously sprayed and Bt-transgenic insect-resistant plants are continuously cultivated at large scales, target insects tend to evolve the resistance to insecticides and insect-resistant plants. This insect-resistance evolution of target insects not only decrease the insect-control effectiveness of insecticides and transgenic plants but also affect the functional services in agricultural ecosystems. Here, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms of insect resistance to chemical and microbial insecticides and Bt-transgenic plants. Insects evolve resistance to chemical insecticides via decreasing the sensitivity of target sites and enhancing the activities of detoxifying enzymes in insects, resistance to microbial insecticides via activating immune systems and changing symbiotic flora in insects, and resistance to Bt-transgenic plants via downregulating midgut binding receptors and decreasing midgut protease activities in insects. To delay the resistance evolution of insects and increase the insect-control efficiency of insecticides, it is urgent to systematically control agricultural insects through reducing the use of chemical insecticides and to increasing the integrative use of broad-spectrum and high-activity microbial insecticides as well as insect-resistant plants.

Key words: insect control, chemical insecticides, microbial insecticides, Bt-transgenic plants, resistance mechanism

彭羽佳, 李文萃, 刘勇波. 昆虫对杀虫剂和转Bt基因植物的抗性进化机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(4): 40-51.

PENG Yu-jia, LI Wen-cui, LIU Yong-bo. Research Progress in the Evolution Mechanisms for Insect Resistance to Insecticides and Bt-transgenic Plants[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(4): 40-51.

图/表 4

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抗性机制Resistance mechanism	靶标位点/代谢类型Target sites/Metabolic types	参考文献References
靶标位点抗性Target site resistance	乙酰胆碱酯酶 Acetylcholinesterase	[15⇓-17]
	电压门控钠离子通道 Voltage-gated sodium channel	[18⇓-20]
	γ-氨基丁酸受体 γ-aminobutyric acid receptor	[22⇓-24]
	烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 Nicotine acetylcholine receptor	[25,28]
代谢抗性Metabolic resistance	细胞色素P450单加氧酶 Cytochrome p450 monooxygenase	[29-30,32 -33]
	谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 Glutathione S-transferase	[36,39]
	羧酸酯酶 Carboxylesterases	[40⇓-42,44]

抗性机制Resistance mechanism	靶标位点/代谢类型Target sites/Metabolic types	参考文献References
靶标位点抗性Target site resistance	乙酰胆碱酯酶 Acetylcholinesterase	[15⇓-17]
	电压门控钠离子通道 Voltage-gated sodium channel	[18⇓-20]
	γ-氨基丁酸受体 γ-aminobutyric acid receptor	[22⇓-24]
	烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 Nicotine acetylcholine receptor	[25,28]
代谢抗性Metabolic resistance	细胞色素P450单加氧酶 Cytochrome p450 monooxygenase	[29-30,32 -33]
	谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 Glutathione S-transferase	[36,39]
	羧酸酯酶 Carboxylesterases	[40⇓-42,44]

抗性机制Resistance mechanism	主要因素Major factors	参考文献References
免疫反应增强 Enhances immune response	激活模式识别受体，进而激活Toll和IMD信号通路调控抗菌肽表达 Activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby activating Toll and IMD signaling pathways to regulate antimicrobial peptide expression	[51-52,55,57]
免疫反应增强 Enhances immune response	酚氧化酶原级联形成黑色素，发挥包囊作用清除微生物 Prophenoloxidase cascade forms melanins that act as an encapsulation to remove microorganisms	[58⇓-60]
共生菌群抑制微生物侵染 Symbiotic flora inhibits microbial infestation	存在高多样性和丰度的共生菌群或优势菌 Symbiotic flora or dominant bacteria having high diversity and abundance	[64,66]
共生菌群产生抗菌物质 Symbiotic flora produces antimicrobial substances	抗菌物质发挥作用抵御微生物 Antimicrobial substances resist against microorganisms	[69-70]

抗性机制Resistance mechanism	主要因素Major factors	参考文献References
免疫反应增强 Enhances immune response	激活模式识别受体，进而激活Toll和IMD信号通路调控抗菌肽表达 Activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby activating Toll and IMD signaling pathways to regulate antimicrobial peptide expression	[51-52,55,57]
免疫反应增强 Enhances immune response	酚氧化酶原级联形成黑色素，发挥包囊作用清除微生物 Prophenoloxidase cascade forms melanins that act as an encapsulation to remove microorganisms	[58⇓-60]
共生菌群抑制微生物侵染 Symbiotic flora inhibits microbial infestation	存在高多样性和丰度的共生菌群或优势菌 Symbiotic flora or dominant bacteria having high diversity and abundance	[64,66]
共生菌群产生抗菌物质 Symbiotic flora produces antimicrobial substances	抗菌物质发挥作用抵御微生物 Antimicrobial substances resist against microorganisms	[69-70]

类型 Type	抗性机制 Resistance mechanism	关键因素 Key factor	昆虫 Insect	减缓措施 Mitigation measure	参考文献 References
化学杀虫剂 Chemical insecticides	乙酰胆碱酯酶突变 Acetylcholinesterase mutation	乙酰胆碱酯酶 Acetylcholinesterase	甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata、褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens	轮换使用杀虫剂 Rotated use of insecticides	[15,17,84]
	电压门控钠离子通道突变 Voltage-gated sodium channel mutation	电压门控钠离子通道 Voltage-gated sodium channel	绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum、烟草甲虫Lasioderma serricorne	减少杀虫剂使用、合理使用增效剂 Reducing the use of insecticides, and reasonable use of synergists	[19,85]
	γ-氨基丁酸受体突变 γ-aminobutyric acid receptor mutation	γ-氨基丁酸受体 γ-aminobutyric acid receptor	灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera、褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens	轮换使用杀虫剂 Rotated use of insecticides	[23,86]
	烟碱乙酰胆碱受体突变 Nicotine acetylcholine receptor mutation	烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 Nicotine acetylcholine receptor	桃蚜Myzus persicae、西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis	轮换使用杀虫剂 Rotated use of insecticides	[25,87]
	P450解毒酶过表达 P450 detoxification enzyme overexpression	P450解毒酶 P450 detoxification enzyme	烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera	混合使用杀虫剂、合理使用增效剂 Mixed use of insecticides, and reasonable use of synergists	[30,88]
	谷胱甘肽S-转移酶过表达 Glutathione S-transferase overexpression	谷胱甘肽S-转移酶 Glutathione S-transferase	小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura	轮换使用杀虫剂、合理使用增效剂、减少杀虫剂使用 Rotated use of insecticides, reasonable use of synergists, and reducing the use of insecticides	[89⇓-91]
	羧酸酯酶表达上调 Upregulation of carboxylesterase expression	羧酸酯酶 Carboxylesterases	桃蚜Myzus persicae、棉蚜Aphis gossypii	轮换使用杀虫剂 Rotated use of insecticides	[42,44]
微生物杀虫剂 Microbial insecticides	免疫反应增强 Enhance immune response	肽聚糖识别蛋白Peptidoglycan recognition proteins、抗菌肽Antimicrobial peptide	小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar	轮换使用杀虫剂、基因工程改造病毒基因组 Rotated use of insecticides,and genetic modification of virus genomes	[51,55]
	共生菌群抑制微生物侵染 Symbiotic flora inhibits microbial infestation	泛菌属 Pantoea sp.	梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta	微生物杀虫剂联合使用 Combined use of microbial insecticides	[66]
	共生菌群产生抗菌物质 Symbiotic flora produces antimicrobial substances	有机酸代谢物 Organic acid metabolites	葱蝇Delia antiqua	轮换使用杀虫剂 Rotated use of insecticides	[69]
转Bt基因植物 Bt transgenic plants	中肠蛋白酶活性降低 Decreased midgut protease activity	胰蛋白酶Trypsin、胰凝乳蛋白酶Chymotrypsin	小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera	双价或多价转基因植物抗虫、RNAi技术与Bt毒素协同抗虫 Bivalent or multivalent transgenic plants with insect resistance,RNAi technology and Bt toxin synergistically	[79-80]
转Bt基因植物 Bt transgenic plants	中肠受体蛋白基因突变或表达下调 Midgut receptor protein gene mutation or downregulation expression	氨肽酶N Aminopeptidase N、ABC转运蛋白ATP-binding cassette transporter	二化螟Chilo suppressalis、草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda	双价或多价转基因植物抗虫、“高剂量/庇护所”策略 Bivalent or multivalent transgenic plants with insect resistance,“High-dose/shelter” strategy	[74-75]