生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2018-0633

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

甲壳素是继纤维素之后又一天然生物高分子材料,因其具有重要的物理化学性质及优良的生物相容性、安全性、可生物降解性,使其在农业、医药、食品加工、环境保护及生物技术等领域有着重要的应用。由于其强烈的氢键作用,甲壳素很难溶解,这在很大程度上限制了其应用。甲壳素经脱N-乙酰基得到壳聚糖,由于乙酰基的减少,壳聚糖分子间作用力减弱,溶解性在一定程度上得到改善,同时,由于其存在大量游离的氨基,使其在药物缓释、促进伤口愈合等医药方面有着更重要的经济价值。阐述了甲壳素的传统化学制备方法-酸碱法,该方法虽技术成熟,却仍存在能耗高、成本高、环境污染严重等诸多局限性和缺点;基于此,重点综述了绿色环保的酶法及微生物发酵法,讨论了酶法和微生物发酵方法各自的优缺点,同时归纳了甲壳素的重要衍生物-壳聚糖的生物制备方法,并分析讨论了在目前生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖从实验室研究到工业化过程中存在的限制性问题,进一步展望了甲壳素/壳聚糖生物制备方法的研发方向。

关键词: 甲壳素, 壳聚糖, 生物法制备

Abstract:

Chitin is another natural biopolymer after cellulose. Chitin and its derivative chitosan have been widely applied in agriculture,medicine,food processing,environmental protection and biotechnology due to the important physicochemical properties,admirable biodegradability,biocompatibility,and no toxicity. However,chitin is hard to be dissolved because of the strong hydrogen bond between chitin molecules,which limits its applications. Chitosan can be obtained from chitin by deacetylation,and the interaction force among chitosan molecules weakens due to the decrease of acetyl groups,which improves the solubility to a certain extent. Meanwhile,chitosan demonstrates more important economic value in drug slow-release,wound healing and other medical aspects,as the presence of a large number of free amino groups. In this paper,the traditional chemical method of preparing chitin,i.e.,acid-base method is described briefly;the method still is of many limitations and disadvantages,such as high energy consumption,high cost and serious environmental pollution,even though it is mature. Based on this,the environmental friendly enzymatic and microbial fermentation methods are summarized,their advantages and disadvantages are discussed respectively,the biological preparation methods of its important derivative chitosan are also summarized. The key issues in chitin/chitosan production from laboratory research to industrialization by biological method are analyzed,and finally the research directions of biological preparation methods for chitin/chitosan are further prospected.

Key words: chitin, chitosan, bio-production

王蒙, 李澜鹏, 张全, 彭绍忠, 曹长海. 生物法制备甲壳素/壳聚糖的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2019, 35(4): 213-222.

WANG Meng, LI Lan-peng, ZHANG Quan, PENG Shao-zhong, CAO Chang-hai. Research Progress on the Bio-production of Chitin and Chitosan[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2019, 35(4): 213-222.

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