发酵TMR应用及其微生物种群演替规律研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0832

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发酵TMR是根据家畜不同生长阶段的营养需要和饲料原料的营养价值,设计科学合理的日粮配方,经过乳酸菌发酵调制而成的一种营养平衡的日粮。随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,对高品质饲料的需求量越来越大。为了降低对饲料粮的过度依赖,非常规饲料资源的开发利用显得尤为重要。发酵TMR调制加工技术的推广和普及能够有效利用非常规饲料资源,缓解饲料资源短缺制约我国畜牧业稳定发展的难题。而发酵TMR微生物种群多样性对饲料的发酵品质及有氧稳定性都有重要作用。因此,文章从发酵TMR技术的应用、有氧稳定性的微生物影响因素以及发酵TMR中的微生物种群多样性等方面进行综述,讨论了发酵TMR技术的意义以及存在的问题。对发挥发酵TMR的生产潜力,推广发酵TMR饲喂技术,使其高效应用到生产实践中具有重要意义。为提高非常规饲料资源的利用效率,解决饲料资源短缺问题提供了新的解决途径。

关键词: 发酵TMR, 非常规饲料, 有氧稳定性, 微生物种群, 研究进展

Abstract:

Total mixed ratio（TMR）silage is a kind of nutritional balanced rations fermented by lactic acid bacteria according to a scientific diet formula based on the nutrition needs at different growth stages of livestock and the nutritional value of feed materials. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China,the demand for high-quality feed is increasing. In order to reduce the excessive dependence on feed grain,the development and utilization of unconventional feed resources is particularly important. The expansion and popularization of modulating and processing technology for fermenting TMR silage is beneficial to the efficient utilization of by-products to solve the shortage of feed resources that restrict the stable development of animal husbandry. And the microbial communities of TMR silage play an important role in the fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Therefore,this article reviews the application of TMR silage technology,microbial factors affecting aerobic stability,and the diversity of microbial communities in TMR silage,and discusses the significance and existing problems in TMR silage technology. It is of great significance to realize the production potential,to promote this feeding technology to efficiently apply it to production practice. And this would provide new ideas for improving the utilization efficiency of unconventional feed resources and solving the problem of shortage in feed resources.

Key words: total mixed ration silage, unconventional feed, aerobic stability, microbial communities, research progress

江迪, 徐春城. 发酵TMR应用及其微生物种群演替规律研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(9): 31-38.

JIANG Di, XU Chun-cheng. Research Progress in the Succession of Microbial Communities in Total Mixed Ration Silage[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(9): 31-38.

图/表 3

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原料 Raw material	组成 Composition
精饲料	能量饲料（玉米、大麦、高粱等）
精饲料	蛋白饲料（豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕等）
农产品加工副产物	糟渣（啤酒糟、豆腐渣、淀粉渣、米糠、茶渣、果蔬饮料渣等）
农产品加工副产物	秸秆（稻草、麦秸、玉米秸等）
粗饲料	青贮饲料（玉米青贮、秸秆青贮、牧草青贮）
	干草（禾本科牧草、豆科牧草等）
	青绿饲料（青刈饲料等）
补充饲料	矿物质添加剂
补充饲料	维生素添加剂

原料 Raw material	组成 Composition
精饲料	能量饲料（玉米、大麦、高粱等）
精饲料	蛋白饲料（豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕等）
农产品加工副产物	糟渣（啤酒糟、豆腐渣、淀粉渣、米糠、茶渣、果蔬饮料渣等）
农产品加工副产物	秸秆（稻草、麦秸、玉米秸等）
粗饲料	青贮饲料（玉米青贮、秸秆青贮、牧草青贮）
	干草（禾本科牧草、豆科牧草等）
	青绿饲料（青刈饲料等）
补充饲料	矿物质添加剂
补充饲料	维生素添加剂

	种类 Species	利用乳酸 Assimilated lactate	发酵糖 Fermented glucose	来源Detected during
	种类 Species	利用乳酸 Assimilated lactate	发酵糖 Fermented glucose	发酵过程Ensiling	有氧暴露Aerobic exposure
Candida	C. albicans	s	+	+	+
	C. bimundalis	+	w	+	+
	C. glabrata	-	+	+	+
	C. famata	+	s	+	-
	C. holmii	s	+	+	+
	C. krusei	+	+	+	+
	C. lambica	+	+	+	+
	C. melinii	w	-	+	+
	C. milleri	w	+	+	+
	C. silivicola	-	+		+
	C. tenuis	s	+	+	+
	C. valida	s	w	+	-
	C. vini	s	-	+	+
Debaryomyces	D. hansenii	s	s	-	+
	D. polymorphus	-	s	+	-
Geotrichum	G. candidum	+	w	+	-
Guilliermondella	G. selenospora	+	+	+	-
Hansenula	H. anomala	+	+	+	+
	H. canadensis	+	-	+	-
	H. polymorpha	-	+	+	-
	H. subpelliculosa	+	+	+	-
Pichia	P. burtonii	+	+	-	+
	P. fermentans	+	+	+	+
	P. membranaefaciens	s	s	-	+
Saccharomyces	S. cerevisiae	-	+	+	+
	S. dairensis	w	+	+
	S. exiguus	w	+	+	+
Sporidiobolus	S. salmonicolor	-	-	+	+
Zygosaccharomyces	Z. rouxi	-	+	-	+

	种类 Species	利用乳酸 Assimilated lactate	发酵糖 Fermented glucose	来源Detected during
	种类 Species	利用乳酸 Assimilated lactate	发酵糖 Fermented glucose	发酵过程Ensiling	有氧暴露Aerobic exposure
Candida	C. albicans	s	+	+	+
	C. bimundalis	+	w	+	+
	C. glabrata	-	+	+	+
	C. famata	+	s	+	-
	C. holmii	s	+	+	+
	C. krusei	+	+	+	+
	C. lambica	+	+	+	+
	C. melinii	w	-	+	+
	C. milleri	w	+	+	+
	C. silivicola	-	+		+
	C. tenuis	s	+	+	+
	C. valida	s	w	+	-
	C. vini	s	-	+	+
Debaryomyces	D. hansenii	s	s	-	+
	D. polymorphus	-	s	+	-
Geotrichum	G. candidum	+	w	+	-
Guilliermondella	G. selenospora	+	+	+	-
Hansenula	H. anomala	+	+	+	+
	H. canadensis	+	-	+	-
	H. polymorpha	-	+	+	-
	H. subpelliculosa	+	+	+	-
Pichia	P. burtonii	+	+	-	+
	P. fermentans	+	+	+	+
	P. membranaefaciens	s	s	-	+
Saccharomyces	S. cerevisiae	-	+	+	+
	S. dairensis	w	+	+
	S. exiguus	w	+	+	+
Sporidiobolus	S. salmonicolor	-	-	+	+
Zygosaccharomyces	Z. rouxi	-	+	-	+

属水平 Genus	葡萄糖发酵类型 Glucose fermentation	种水平 Species
Lactobacillus	Homofermentative	L. acidophilus
		L. easei
		L. coryniformis
		L. curvatus
		L. delbriickii
		L. graminis
		L. helveticus
		L. homohiochii
		L.jensenii
		L. paracasei ssp. paracasei
		L. pentosus
		L. plantarum
		L. salivarius
	Heterofermentative	L. brevis
		L. buehneri
		L. collinoides
		L. eonfusus
		L. divergens
		L. fermentum
		L. fructosus
		L. reuteri
		L. viridescens
Pediococcus	Homofermentative	P. aeidilaetici
		P. damnosus
		P. inopinatus
		P. parvulus
		P. pentosaeeus
Leuconostoc	Heterofermentative	Leuc. mesenteraides
		Leuc. oenos
		Leuc. paramesenteroides
Enterococcus	Homofermentative	Ec. faecalis
Enterococcus	Homofermentative	Ec. faeeium
Lactococcus	Homofermentative	Le. laetis
Streptococcus	Homofermentative	Sc. bovis
Weissella	Heterofermentative	W. confusa