青贮饲料的优良乳酸菌及其应用

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0806

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青贮处理是一种能有效保存饲料营养物质重要存贮方式。青贮发酵是一个十分复杂的微生物活动体系,能否有效控制发酵过程是青贮能否成功的关键,而通过添加优良青贮乳酸菌可以合理地调节青贮内的微生物区系,达到控制发酵过程提升青贮品质的目的,筛选优良乳酸菌有助于促进青贮发酵,推动青贮产业快速发展。本文基于国内外对优良青贮乳酸菌种筛选及利用的相关研究,围绕青贮饲料的优良乳酸菌的类型、作用机制、功能、分离筛选以及应用等方面进行综述,并对其未来的发展提出建议和展望,以期为后续筛选优良菌种和开发优质乳酸菌制剂提供参考。

关键词: 青贮发酵, 优良乳酸菌, 功能, 分离筛选, 应用

Abstract:

Silage is an important storage method which can effectively preserve feed nutrients. Silage fermentation is a very complex microbial activity system,whether the fermentation process can be effectively controlled is the key to the success of silage. By adding excellent lactic acid bacteria in silage,the microbial flora in silage can be reasonably adjusted to control the fermentation process and improve the quality of silage,and thus to screen excellent lactic acid bacteria for promoting the rapid development of silage industry. Therefore,based on the researches on the screening and utilization of excellent silage lactic acid bacteria at home and abroad,this paper summarized the types,action mechanism,separation and screening,and application of excellent lactic acid bacteria in silage,and put forward suggestions and prospects for its future development,aiming to provide some reference for the subsequent screening of excellent lactic acid bacteria and the development of high-quality lactic acid bacteria preparation.

Key words: silage fermentation, excellent lactic acid bacteria, function, isolation and screening, application

徐进益, 那彬彬, 刘顺, 陈超, 孙红, 郑玉龙. 青贮饲料的优良乳酸菌及其应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(9): 39-47.

XU Jin-yi, NA Bin-bin, LIU Shun, CHEN Chao, SUN Hong, ZHENG Yu-long. Excellent Lactic Acid Bacteria for Silage and Their Application[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(9): 39-47.

图/表 1

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菌株属名 Generic name	菌株种名 Species name	菌株来源 Source of bacteria	菌种主要优势 Main advantages of bacteria	参考文献 Reference
乳杆菌Lactobacillus	植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）	长白山土壤	耐胁迫能力强、产酸能力强、体外抑菌特性好	[30]
		保存乳酸菌种	对黑曲霉、米曲霉、黄曲霉等霉具有抑菌活性	[33]
		新鲜苜蓿样品	纤维降解功能较好	[42]
		发酵食品	产酸能力好	[14]
		玉米和象草青贮	活性高,产酸快,耐盐性好,糖源利用范围广	[31]
	干酪乳杆菌（L. casei）	玉米青贮、人粪	能结合黄曲霉毒素B₁	[46]
	布式乳杆菌（L. buchneri）	青贮玉米窖中	产丙二醇	[48]
	鼠李糖乳杆菌（L.rhamnosus）	玉米和象草	可以延长有氧稳定性和抑制黄曲霉毒素	[32]
	发酵乳杆菌（L. fermentum）	热带牧草青贮饲料	阿魏酸酯酶活性较强	[43]
	清酒乳杆菌（L. sakei）	青贮饲料样品	低温条件下均表现出较好的繁殖和发酵特性	[49]
片球菌Pediococcus	乳酸片球菌（P. acidilactici）	草提取液	生长速率、降低pH值和限制氨氮生成的能力	[50]
	乳酸片球菌（P. acidilactici）	秸秆和尾菜混贮料	优良的耐高温、耐酸碱特性,具有较强产乳酸能力	[51]
	戊糖片球菌（P. pentosaceus）	苜蓿青贮	能够适应苜蓿低糖条件,快速生长及产酸的	[17]
		玉米甘蔗象草青贮	抑制不良微生物能力	[52]
		垂穗披碱草、燕麦	低温环境中生长活性和快速产酸能力较强	[28]
肠球菌Enterococcus	粪肠球菌（Ec. faecalis）	葡萄藤叶青贮中	产酸能力和生长性能最好	[16]
	粪肠球菌（Ec. faecalis）	盐穗木青贮中	产酸能力好、生长较快,有很强耐酸耐盐耐高低温能力	[53]
	屎肠球菌（Ec. faecium）	人工种植饲草	低温培养,产酸能力,生长速率	[18]
	蒙氏肠球菌（Ec.mundtii）	葡萄渣、玉米混贮料	耐酸、盐、温胁迫能力强、能利用多种碳源	[54]

菌株属名 Generic name	菌株种名 Species name	菌株来源 Source of bacteria	菌种主要优势 Main advantages of bacteria	参考文献 Reference
乳杆菌Lactobacillus	植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）	长白山土壤	耐胁迫能力强、产酸能力强、体外抑菌特性好	[30]
		保存乳酸菌种	对黑曲霉、米曲霉、黄曲霉等霉具有抑菌活性	[33]
		新鲜苜蓿样品	纤维降解功能较好	[42]
		发酵食品	产酸能力好	[14]
		玉米和象草青贮	活性高,产酸快,耐盐性好,糖源利用范围广	[31]
	干酪乳杆菌（L. casei）	玉米青贮、人粪	能结合黄曲霉毒素B₁	[46]
	布式乳杆菌（L. buchneri）	青贮玉米窖中	产丙二醇	[48]
	鼠李糖乳杆菌（L.rhamnosus）	玉米和象草	可以延长有氧稳定性和抑制黄曲霉毒素	[32]
	发酵乳杆菌（L. fermentum）	热带牧草青贮饲料	阿魏酸酯酶活性较强	[43]
	清酒乳杆菌（L. sakei）	青贮饲料样品	低温条件下均表现出较好的繁殖和发酵特性	[49]
片球菌Pediococcus	乳酸片球菌（P. acidilactici）	草提取液	生长速率、降低pH值和限制氨氮生成的能力	[50]
	乳酸片球菌（P. acidilactici）	秸秆和尾菜混贮料	优良的耐高温、耐酸碱特性,具有较强产乳酸能力	[51]
	戊糖片球菌（P. pentosaceus）	苜蓿青贮	能够适应苜蓿低糖条件,快速生长及产酸的	[17]
		玉米甘蔗象草青贮	抑制不良微生物能力	[52]
		垂穗披碱草、燕麦	低温环境中生长活性和快速产酸能力较强	[28]
肠球菌Enterococcus	粪肠球菌（Ec. faecalis）	葡萄藤叶青贮中	产酸能力和生长性能最好	[16]
	粪肠球菌（Ec. faecalis）	盐穗木青贮中	产酸能力好、生长较快,有很强耐酸耐盐耐高低温能力	[53]
	屎肠球菌（Ec. faecium）	人工种植饲草	低温培养,产酸能力,生长速率	[18]
	蒙氏肠球菌（Ec.mundtii）	葡萄渣、玉米混贮料	耐酸、盐、温胁迫能力强、能利用多种碳源	[54]