厌氧真菌纤维降解机制及应用研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

厌氧真菌（Neocallimastigomycota）是草食动物消化道中重要的木质纤维素降解微生物，具有独特的生命周期、特殊的产氢细胞器（氢体）以及强大的纤维素和半纤维素水解能力。近年来，不断完善的分类体系及分子技术推动了厌氧真菌研究从形态学向基因组、代谢组和细胞结构层面深入，揭示了其在纤维降解中的多层级协同机制。此外，厌氧真菌在青贮饲料添加剂、饲喂微生物制剂及沼气等生物能源生产方面展现出显著应用潜力。因此，本文系统综述了厌氧真菌的分类、生命周期、特殊细胞器功能、木质纤维素降解机制及其应用前景，为开发高效生物质降解策略与反刍动物饲料利用提供理论基础。

关键词: 厌氧真菌, 纤维降解, 氢体, 纤维小体, 饲料添加剂, 生物燃料

Abstract:

Anaerobic fungi (Neocallimastigomycota) are important lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tracts of herbivores, characterized by a unique life cycle, specialized hydrogenosomes, and potent cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic capabilities. In recent years, advances in taxonomic systems and molecular techniques have propelled research on anaerobic fungi from morphological studies toward genomics, metabolomics, and cellular structural analyses, revealing their multi-level synergistic mechanisms in fiber degradation. Furthermore, anaerobic fungi have demonstrated significant potential in applications such as silage inoculants, feed microbial preparations, and bioenergy production, including biogas. This review systematically summarizes the taxonomy, life cycle, specialized organelle structures, lignocellulose degradation mechanisms, and application prospects of anaerobic fungi, providing a theoretical basis for the development of efficient biomass degradation strategies and the utilization of feed resources in ruminants.

Key words: anaerobic fungi, fiber degradation, hydrogenosomes, cellulosomes, feed additives, biofuels

李留学, 成艳芬. 厌氧真菌纤维降解机制及应用研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(2): 41-50.

LI Liu-xue, CHENG Yan-fen. Advances in Mechanisms and Applications of Fiber Degradation by Anaerobic Fungi[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(2): 41-50.

图/表 2

参考文献 79

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属 Genus	代表性种 Species	主要形态特征 Main characteristics	宿主来源 Host source	参考文献 References
Neocallimastix	N. frontalis	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。孢子囊呈椭球形、梨形或卵球形，偶有分枝	绵羊瘤胃	［8］
Caecomyces	C. communis	单鞭毛、单中心、球形假根。内源性孢子囊主要为球形和卵球形	绵羊瘤胃	［9］
Piromyces	P. dumbonicus	单鞭毛、单囊型、丝状假根。孢子囊包括球形、卵球形、梨形、椭球形和长线状	绵羊瘤胃	［9］
Orpinomyces	O. joyonii	多鞭毛、多中心。菌丝通常表现为不规则间隔的多重收缩	牛瘤胃	［10］
Anaeromyces	A. mucronatus	单鞭毛、多中心。游动孢子通常较小，呈球形，始终为单鞭毛	牛瘤胃	［11］
Cyllamyces	C. aberensis	单鞭毛、多中心、球状假根。每个菌体能产生多达 12 个孢子囊	牛粪	［12］
Buwchfawromyces	B. eastonii	单鞭毛、单中心。游动孢子相对较大，具有较长的单鞭毛	水牛粪	［13］
Oontomyces	O. anksri	单鞭毛、单中心。偶见卵形至亚卵形假根肿胀	骆驼前胃	［14］
Pecoramyces	P. ruminantium	单鞭毛、单中心。游动孢子较大，排出后孢子囊壁保持完整	牛粪	［15］
Feramyces	F. austinii	多鞭毛、单中心。同时具有宽、窄菌丝，前者有不规则的多个收缩	羊和鹿瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Liebetanzomyces	L. polymorphus	单鞭毛、单中心。孢子囊形态多样，包括球形、椭球形和不规则状等	山羊瘤胃	［17］
Agriosomyces	A. longus	单鞭毛、单中心。孢子囊在肿胀的孢子囊末端发育，孢子囊颈缩窄	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Aklioshbomyces	A. papillatum	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生和外生的孢子囊呈乳突状，有一个或两个乳突	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Capellomyces	C. elongatus	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生孢子囊呈椭圆形和卵形。孢子囊无分枝	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Ghazallomyces	G. constrictus	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内源性孢子囊显示出紧缩的颈部和狭窄的端口	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Joblinomyces	J. apicalis	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生孢子囊在球形、亚球形、卵形和倒卵形中变化	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Khoyollomyces	K. ramosus	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内源性孢子囊近球形，外源性孢子囊形态丰富	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Tahromyces	T. munnarensis	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。成熟孢子囊基底部有隔膜形成	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Aestipascuomyces	A.dupliciliberans	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。游动孢子有 7-20 根鞭毛，通过顶孔或孢子囊壁释放	绵羊瘤胃与羊驼粪便	［18］
Paucimyces	P. polynucleatus	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。菌丝尖端膨胀形成球形小泡，从中产生多个孢子囊	羚羊粪便	［19］
Testudinimyces	T. gracilis	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。在纤维二糖液体培养基中形成致密的颗粒状菌体	龟粪便	［20］
Astrotestudinimyces	A. divisus	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。成熟的孢子囊通常是球形或近球形	龟粪便	［20］

属 Genus	代表性种 Species	主要形态特征 Main characteristics	宿主来源 Host source	参考文献 References
Neocallimastix	N. frontalis	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。孢子囊呈椭球形、梨形或卵球形，偶有分枝	绵羊瘤胃	［8］
Caecomyces	C. communis	单鞭毛、单中心、球形假根。内源性孢子囊主要为球形和卵球形	绵羊瘤胃	［9］
Piromyces	P. dumbonicus	单鞭毛、单囊型、丝状假根。孢子囊包括球形、卵球形、梨形、椭球形和长线状	绵羊瘤胃	［9］
Orpinomyces	O. joyonii	多鞭毛、多中心。菌丝通常表现为不规则间隔的多重收缩	牛瘤胃	［10］
Anaeromyces	A. mucronatus	单鞭毛、多中心。游动孢子通常较小，呈球形，始终为单鞭毛	牛瘤胃	［11］
Cyllamyces	C. aberensis	单鞭毛、多中心、球状假根。每个菌体能产生多达 12 个孢子囊	牛粪	［12］
Buwchfawromyces	B. eastonii	单鞭毛、单中心。游动孢子相对较大，具有较长的单鞭毛	水牛粪	［13］
Oontomyces	O. anksri	单鞭毛、单中心。偶见卵形至亚卵形假根肿胀	骆驼前胃	［14］
Pecoramyces	P. ruminantium	单鞭毛、单中心。游动孢子较大，排出后孢子囊壁保持完整	牛粪	［15］
Feramyces	F. austinii	多鞭毛、单中心。同时具有宽、窄菌丝，前者有不规则的多个收缩	羊和鹿瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Liebetanzomyces	L. polymorphus	单鞭毛、单中心。孢子囊形态多样，包括球形、椭球形和不规则状等	山羊瘤胃	［17］
Agriosomyces	A. longus	单鞭毛、单中心。孢子囊在肿胀的孢子囊末端发育，孢子囊颈缩窄	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Aklioshbomyces	A. papillatum	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生和外生的孢子囊呈乳突状，有一个或两个乳突	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Capellomyces	C. elongatus	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生孢子囊呈椭圆形和卵形。孢子囊无分枝	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Ghazallomyces	G. constrictus	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内源性孢子囊显示出紧缩的颈部和狭窄的端口	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Joblinomyces	J. apicalis	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内生孢子囊在球形、亚球形、卵形和倒卵形中变化	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Khoyollomyces	K. ramosus	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。内源性孢子囊近球形，外源性孢子囊形态丰富	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Tahromyces	T. munnarensis	单鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。成熟孢子囊基底部有隔膜形成	羊和鹿的瘤胃/粪便	［16］
Aestipascuomyces	A.dupliciliberans	多鞭毛、单中心、丝状假根。游动孢子有 7-20 根鞭毛，通过顶孔或孢子囊壁释放	绵羊瘤胃与羊驼粪便	［18］
Paucimyces	P. polynucleatus	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。菌丝尖端膨胀形成球形小泡，从中产生多个孢子囊	羚羊粪便	［19］
Testudinimyces	T. gracilis	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。在纤维二糖液体培养基中形成致密的颗粒状菌体	龟粪便	［20］
Astrotestudinimyces	A. divisus	单鞭毛、多中心、丝状假根。成熟的孢子囊通常是球形或近球形	龟粪便	［20］