枯草芽胞杆菌与地衣芽胞杆菌在青贮中的不同作用及应用研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1088

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青贮是畜牧业青绿饲料保存的核心技术，其品质直接决定反刍动物的生产性能。芽胞杆菌作为青贮添加剂，可通过调控微生物群落结构，促进有机酸积累并抑制腐败菌繁殖，进而改善青贮发酵品质。枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis, BS）与地衣芽胞杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis, BL）是当前青贮领域应用最广泛的两种芽胞杆菌，但二者应用效果存在显著差异。本文系统综述了BS与BL在青贮饲料生产中的应用特性，从生物学特性、作用机制、发酵效果、原料适应性及实际应用等方面开展对比分析，并整合分析二者在相同试验条件下的研究数据。结果表明，BS在快速降低青贮体系pH值、降解非结构性碳水化合物及分泌高活性蛋白酶等方面优势显著；BL则在提升青贮有氧稳定性、抑制霉菌毒素及降解结构性碳水化合物方面表现更优。二者协同应用可实现功能互补，显著提升青贮品质并降低生产成本。本文可为青贮添加剂的科学选择与高效应用提供坚实理论依据。

关键词: 枯草芽胞杆菌, 地衣芽胞杆菌, 青贮饲料, 作用特性, 协同应用

Abstract:

Silage is a key technology for preserving green feed in animal husbandry, and its quality directly determines the production performance of ruminants. As silage additives, Bacillus species can significantly improve silage fermentation quality by regulating the microbial community structure, thereby promoting the accumulation of organic acids and inhibiting the reproduction of spoilage bacteria. Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Bacillus licheniformis (BL) are currently the two most widely used Bacillus species in the silage field, but their application effects show significant differences. This article systematically reviews the application characteristics of BS and BL in silage production, conducts a comparative analysis of the aspects of biological characteristics, mechanisms of action, fermentation effects, raw material adaptability and practical applications, and integrates the comparative study data of the two species under the same experimental conditions. The results show that BS has prominent advantages in rapidly reducing the pH value of the silage system, degrading non-structural carbohydrates, and secreting high-activity protease; while BL performs better in improving silage aerobic stability, inhibiting mycotoxins, and degrading structural carbohydrates. The synergistic application of the two species can achieve functional complementarity, significantly improve silage quality and reduce production costs. This review can provide a solid theoretical basis for the scientific selection and efficient application of silage additives.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, silage, functional characteristics, synergistic application

扶超, 黎育颖, 侯振平, 石鹏君. 枯草芽胞杆菌与地衣芽胞杆菌在青贮中的不同作用及应用研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(8): 60-71.

FU Chao, LI Yu-ying, HOU Zhen-ping, SHI Peng-jun. Research Progress on the Diverse Functions and Application of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis in Silage[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(8): 60-71.

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生物学特性指标 Biological characteristic indicators	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis （BS）	地衣芽胞杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis （BL）	数据来源 Data reference
代谢类型	严格好氧菌	兼性厌氧菌	［10-11］
最适生长温度	37 ℃	45 ℃	［10-11］
pH耐受范围	6.0-7.5	5.0-9.0	［10-11］
pH 5.0条件下存活率	45%	78%	［10］
2%接种量下蛋白酶活性（U/mL）	87.19	29.07	［13］
2%接种量下淀粉酶活性（U/mL）	685.13	57.59	［13］
纤维素酶活性（U/mL）	12.52	12.00	［13］
黄曲霉毒素B1降解率	40%	94.7%	［28］
核心优势底物降解类型	非结构性碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等	结构性碳水化合物（纤维素、半纤维素等）	［10，13］

生物学特性指标 Biological characteristic indicators	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis （BS）	地衣芽胞杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis （BL）	数据来源 Data reference
代谢类型	严格好氧菌	兼性厌氧菌	［10-11］
最适生长温度	37 ℃	45 ℃	［10-11］
pH耐受范围	6.0-7.5	5.0-9.0	［10-11］
pH 5.0条件下存活率	45%	78%	［10］
2%接种量下蛋白酶活性（U/mL）	87.19	29.07	［13］
2%接种量下淀粉酶活性（U/mL）	685.13	57.59	［13］
纤维素酶活性（U/mL）	12.52	12.00	［13］
黄曲霉毒素B1降解率	40%	94.7%	［28］
核心优势底物降解类型	非结构性碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等	结构性碳水化合物（纤维素、半纤维素等）	［10，13］

发酵品质指标 Fermentation quality indicators	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis （BS）	地衣芽胞杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis （BL）	试验条件 Test conditions	数据来源 Data reference
pH降至4.2以下所需时间	3 d内	5-7 d内	玉米青贮/桑叶青贮	［10，51］
乳酸含量提升幅度	24.38%-25.00%	15%-20%	玉米秸秆青贮	［30，44］
乙酸含量提升幅度	24.38%-25.00%	292.87%-338.52%	玉米秸秆青贮	［30，44］
NH₃/TN值降低幅度	10.62%-14.74%	降至8%-12%	玉米秸秆青贮	［10，30］
有氧稳定性	9-21 d	14-21 d	玉米秸秆/全株玉米青贮	［30，44］
有氧暴露14 d pH上升值	较高（pH>5）	仅上升0.3	玉米秸秆/全株玉米青贮	［35，44］

发酵品质指标 Fermentation quality indicators	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis （BS）	地衣芽胞杆菌 Bacillus licheniformis （BL）	试验条件 Test conditions	数据来源 Data reference
pH降至4.2以下所需时间	3 d内	5-7 d内	玉米青贮/桑叶青贮	［10，51］
乳酸含量提升幅度	24.38%-25.00%	15%-20%	玉米秸秆青贮	［30，44］
乙酸含量提升幅度	24.38%-25.00%	292.87%-338.52%	玉米秸秆青贮	［30，44］
NH₃/TN值降低幅度	10.62%-14.74%	降至8%-12%	玉米秸秆青贮	［10，30］
有氧稳定性	9-21 d	14-21 d	玉米秸秆/全株玉米青贮	［30，44］
有氧暴露14 d pH上升值	较高（pH>5）	仅上升0.3	玉米秸秆/全株玉米青贮	［35，44］

联用组合 Combined use	研究对象 Research subject	核心效果 Core effects	数据来源 Data reference
BS+LP+LB	辣木青贮	利于乳酸积累，提高自由基清除率，保留较多CP，降解更多CF和单宁	［1］
BS+LP+黑曲霉	柠条青贮	显著提高CP含量，半纤维素和木质纤维素降解率分别达4.97%和21.15%，提高体外消化率，优化微生物菌群结构	［53］
BL+LP	稻草（微贮）	显著降低pH值，提高OMD和ME，增加乳酸杆菌属、酵母菌属相对丰度，降低明串珠菌属、魏斯氏菌属、泛菌属相对丰度	［59］
LP+BS	玉米青贮	显著提高饲料NDF消化率、DM采食量及肉羊生长性能，提高瘤胃VFA浓度，降低瘤胃pH	［78］
CT+BS+LB	甘蔗尾青贮	乙酸含量显著上升，DMR显著降低，CP含量和有氧稳定性显著升高	［79］