Advances in Fumonisins Contamination： Current Status， Toxicological Mechanisms， and Mitigation Strategies

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0321

Abstract

Abstract:

Fumonisins are a class of significantly hazardous fungal secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium fungi. These toxins are widely prevalent contaminants in various grains such as corn, wheat, sorghum, and their derived products. Due to their severe threat to agricultural product safety and substantial hazards to human and animal health, fumonisin contamination causes a formidable challenge in the global food safety domain. With increasing global attention to fusarium toxin contamination, particularly fumonisin contamination, and the trend towards stricter regulatory standards, it becomes particularly urgent to systematically review research progress, thereby providing a scientific basis for risk assessment and practical prevention and control efforts. This review aims to systematically summarize key aspects of fumonisin research. First, it analyzes the main types of fumonisins and their unique chemical structural characteristics. Subsequently, it elucidates the biosynthetic pathway governed by the polyketide synthase (PKS) gene cluster. Next, it reveals the toxicity mechanisms of fumonisins across molecular (e.g., disrupting sphingolipid metabolism), cellular (e.g., inducing oxidative stress and cell death), and organ levels (e.g., causing damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system).Furthermore, the review compares and analyzes the applicability and technical limitations of common detection methods, including chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques (e.g., LC-MS/MS) and rapid immunoassays (e.g., ELISA). Finally, it summarizes a comprehensive "farm-to-fork" prevention and control system encompassing strategies such as physical adsorption, chemical degradation, and biological control. This multi-scale analysis of fumonisin contamination patterns, toxic mechanisms, and control strategies lays a solid theoretical foundation for scientifically assessing their risks. It also offers valuable practical insights for developing efficient detoxification technologies, ensuring agricultural product quality and safety, and safeguarding the health and well-being of humans and animals.

Key words: fumonisins, biosynthetic pathways, toxicity mechanisms, prevention and control system

ZHANG Yu-shan, ZHANG Wen-wen, LIU Yan, SHEN Yu-pu, SUN Lu, HUANG Wei-hong, LI Zhong-yuan. Advances in Fumonisins Contamination： Current Status， Toxicological Mechanisms， and Mitigation Strategies[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(10): 129-142.

Figures/Tables 7

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国家/组织 Country/Ognization	产品 Production	imiting amount （μg/kg）限量 L	伏马毒素类型 Fumonisins type
中国^［34］ China	玉米及其加工产品、玉米酒糟类产品、玉米青贮饲料和玉米秸秆	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	犊牛、羔羊精料补充料	20 000
	马、兔精料补充料	5 000
	其他反刍动物精料补充料	50 000
	猪浓缩饲料	5 000
	家禽浓缩饲料	20 000
	猪、兔、马配合饲料	5 000
	家禽配合饲料	20 000
	鱼配合饲料	10 000
美国^［35］ America	马和兔	1 000	FB₁+FB₂+FB₃
	猪和鲶鱼	10 000
	种用反刍动物，种禽，种用水貂，奶牛和蛋鸡	15 000
	食用反刍动物（≥3月龄）和毛皮用水貂	30 000
	食用家禽	50 000
	其他种类动物和宠物	5 000
欧盟^［36］ European union	饲料原料：玉米及其产品	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	补充饲料和配合饲料	5 000
	猪马、兔和宠物	5 000
	鱼	10 000
	禽、小牛（<4月龄）、小羊	20 000
	成年反刍动物（>4月龄）、水貂	50 000

国家/组织 Country/Ognization	产品 Production	imiting amount （μg/kg）限量 L	伏马毒素类型 Fumonisins type
中国^［34］ China	玉米及其加工产品、玉米酒糟类产品、玉米青贮饲料和玉米秸秆	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	犊牛、羔羊精料补充料	20 000
	马、兔精料补充料	5 000
	其他反刍动物精料补充料	50 000
	猪浓缩饲料	5 000
	家禽浓缩饲料	20 000
	猪、兔、马配合饲料	5 000
	家禽配合饲料	20 000
	鱼配合饲料	10 000
美国^［35］ America	马和兔	1 000	FB₁+FB₂+FB₃
	猪和鲶鱼	10 000
	种用反刍动物，种禽，种用水貂，奶牛和蛋鸡	15 000
	食用反刍动物（≥3月龄）和毛皮用水貂	30 000
	食用家禽	50 000
	其他种类动物和宠物	5 000
欧盟^［36］ European union	饲料原料：玉米及其产品	60 000	FB₁+FB₂
	补充饲料和配合饲料	5 000
	猪马、兔和宠物	5 000
	鱼	10 000
	禽、小牛（<4月龄）、小羊	20 000
	成年反刍动物（>4月龄）、水貂	50 000