Research Progress in Three Major Mycotoxins and Their Toxin-degrading Enzymes

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0596

Abstract

Abstract:

Feed during production and storage is often contaminated with mycotoxins, mainly including aflatoxin, zearalenone, vomitoxin, fumonisin B₁, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxins. Mycotoxins cause serious physical injury or even death to livestock and poultry, and the coexistence of mycotoxins will lead to greater economic losses. The degradation of mycotoxins mainly includes chemical degradation, physical degradation and biological enzymatic hydrolysis. Biological enzymatic hydrolysisis more environmentally friendly and efficient than the other two methods, thus it has attracted much attention. In this paper, we analyzed the harmful mechanisms, degradation pathways and related mycotoxin-degrading enzymes of aflatoxin, zearalenone and vomitoxin with strong toxicity and wide pollution in detail. We revealed the interaction between toxin small molecules and mycotoxin-degrading enzymes in degradation reactions by molecular docking and other means, and screened the key amino acids in the degradation process. Although enzymatic hydrolysis possesses advantages in removing mycotoxins, its current application is still limited due to high cost and other reasons, and further research and development are urgently needed. Therefore, optimizing the process and conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis to achieve efficient and cost-effective removal of mycotoxins will be the focus of future research. This study provides an important reference to guide the design and optimization of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes.

Key words: mycotoxins, hazard mechanism, degrading pathways, toxin-degrading enzyme

XIANG Xia, ZHU En-heng, HAN Nan-yu. Research Progress in Three Major Mycotoxins and Their Toxin-degrading Enzymes[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(1): 45-56.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig. 1 AFs toxin derivatives A: aflatoxin B1; B: aflatoxin B2; C: aflatoxin M1; D: aflatoxin M2; E: aflatoxin G1; F: aflatoxin G2

Fig. 2 ZEN (A) and DON (B) structure diagram

Fig. 3 DON metabolic pathway and degradation products

Fig. 4 Main metabolic pathways of AFB1

Table 1 Results of optimal model of aflatoxin oxidase docking with small molecules

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-8.7	6	-6.7
2	-8.5	7	-6.6
3	-7.5	8	-6.6
4	-7.1	9	-6.3
5	-7.1	10	-6.2

Fig. 5 Interaction formed between aflatoxin oxidase and AFB1 formation

Fig. 6 Degraded product of ZHD101 hydrolyzing ZEN

Fig. 7 Prediction of the position of the active pocket of zearalenone degradation enzyme

Table 2 Optimal model results for maize erythrene ketone degradation enzyme docking with ZEN

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-8.5	6	-7.3
2	-7.9	7	-7.0
3	-7.4	8	-6.7
4	-7.4	9	-6.6
5	-7.3	10	-6.5

Fig. 8 Interaction formed by lactone hydrolase zhd101 and ZEN, and the amino acids involved in substrate binding are shown as rods

Fig. 9 Mechanism of DepA and DepB degrading DON

Fig. 10 Isomeric products generated by SPG isomerizing DON, 3A-DON, and 15A-DON

Fig. 11 Catalytic mechanism of SPG

Table 3 Results of the optimal model for the docking of specific glyoxylase with DON

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-7.6	6	-6.3
2	-7.5	7	-6.2
3	-7.1	8	-6.2
4	-7.0	9	-6.1
5	-6.9	10	-5.9

Fig. 12 Interaction of specific glyoxylase SPG with DON formation, amino acids involved in substrate binding shown as rods

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