曲霉属的现代分类命名研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0779

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

曲霉属真菌的利用及发现命名历史悠久,分类体系不断变化,2011年7月通过的《国际藻类、菌物、植物命名法规》（墨尔本法规）,规定了“一种真菌一个名称”条款在2013年1月1日生效,改变了原先真菌物种可以多名称,有性型优先代表全型的规则,对曲霉分类命名影响巨大。目前,国际上对曲霉属及相关的属种进行了大规模系统分类修订,更注重分子系统发育结果,推荐的曲霉标准现代多相分类方法主要包括：一、分子生物学测定通用DNA分子条形码ITS序列及特定的第二条形码基因（钙调蛋白,β-微管蛋白及RNA聚合酶II第二大亚基等）;二、形态学特征（基物、标准培养基、培养条件、菌落、分生孢子头、子囊孢子等）;三、代谢物谱（extrolite）分析（毒素、酶、有机酸、抗生素及其他次级代谢产物等）。新分类系统形成的曲霉属现代分类保留Aspergillus 为代表曲霉属唯一合法的名称,灰绿曲霉Aspergillus glaucus为模式种,属下包含6个亚属,27个组,75个系/族,446个接受种,原有性型属种（名称）据系统发育关系被废除、组合或独立。本文总结了曲霉分类历史,重点阐述墨尔本法规影响下曲霉属的修订变化、现代的分类系统、全基因组分析技术在曲霉研究中的应用,及我国曲霉属的研究现状及建议等,旨在为规范曲霉的分类、命名、合法名称的使用及曲霉真菌和基因资源挖掘等提供参考。

关键词: 散囊菌属, 有性型, 多相分类, 分子系统发育, 子囊菌门, 全基因组分析

Abstract:

The discovery and use of Aspergillus fungi have been a long history,while its taxonomy constantly changes. According to articles of ‘International code of nomenclature for algae,fungi and plants’（Melbourne Code,July,2011）,“one fungus,one name,1F1N” has been applied to fungi since January 1,2013. It changed the rule of that the fungi could have multiple names and teleomorph could represent the holomorph,which had a great impact on Aspergillus taxonomy. Since then,Aspergillus and its related genera had been systematically revised on a large scale in the world. The new revisions paid more attention to the results of molecular phylogeny,and the standard modern polyphasic methods recommended for Aspergillusclassification mainly included：I. Molecular biology by determining universal ITS rDNA molecular barcode and specific second barcode（calmodulin CaM,β-tubulin BenA and RNA polymerase II second subunit RPB2,etc.）;II. morphological characteristics（substrate,standard medium,incubation conditions,colony,conidial head,ascospores,etc.）;III. extrolite analysis（toxins,enzymes,organic acids,antibiotics and other secondary metabolites,etc.）. The modern classification of Aspergillus formed by the new classification system retainsAspergillus as the only legal generic name,including 446 species,subdivided in 6 subgenera,27 sections and 75 series,Aspergillus glaucus was the type species. All related teleomorphic genera and species（names）were abolished,combined,or removed independently. In this paper,we briefly summarized the taxonomic history of Aspergillus,focusing on revision changes,modern taxonomy and genome-wide analysis techniques of Aspergillus in its study under the influence of new article of Melbourne Code,also including some comments and suggestions about present research status of Aspergillus in China. The purpose of this study is to provide reference for the standardization of classification,nomenclature,use of legal names,and the mining of Aspergillus fungi and gene resources.

Key words: Eurotium, teleomorph, polyphasic taxonomy, molecular phylogeny, Ascomycota, genome-wide analysis

刘警鞠, 张雨森, 陈娟, 孙炳达, 赵国柱. 曲霉属的现代分类命名研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(7): 109-118.

LIU Jing-ju, ZHANG Yu-sen, CHEN Juan, SUN Bing-da, ZHAO Guo-zhu. Research Progress in Modern Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Aspergillus[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(7): 109-118.

图/表 4

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原有性型及相关属Sexual and related genera	处理方式Treatment	处理后结果Current status
毛萨托菌属Chaetosartorya	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=淡黄亚属Subgenus Cremei
脊孢菌属Cristaspora	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=淡黄亚属Subgenus Cremei
分叉菌属Dichotomomyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=棒状组Section Clavati
裸胞壳属Emericella	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=古铜组Section Aenei =巢状组Section Nidulantes =焦色组Section Usti
散囊菌属Eurotium	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=曲霉亚属Subgenus Aspergillus
芬尼菌属Fennellia	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=黄梗组Section Flavipedes
半内果属Hemicarpenteles	转至Transferred to	青霉属Penicillium
新内果属Neocarpenteles	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=棒状组Section Clavati
新石座菌属Neopetromyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=环绕组Section Circumdati
新萨托菌属Neosartorya	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=烟色组Section Fumigati
石座菌属Petromyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=黄色组Section Flavi
单瓶霉属Phialosimplex	无性型异名Asexual synonym	=多拟青霉亚属Subgenus Polypaecilum
多拟青霉属Polypaecilum	无性型异名Asexual synonym	=Subgenus Polypaecilum
核闭壳属Sclerocleista	从曲霉属移除Excluded from Aspergillus	独立Independent
束梗丛霉属Stilbothamnium	有性型异名Sexual synonym	废弃异名Discarded synonym

原有性型及相关属Sexual and related genera	处理方式Treatment	处理后结果Current status
毛萨托菌属Chaetosartorya	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=淡黄亚属Subgenus Cremei
脊孢菌属Cristaspora	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=淡黄亚属Subgenus Cremei
分叉菌属Dichotomomyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=棒状组Section Clavati
裸胞壳属Emericella	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=古铜组Section Aenei =巢状组Section Nidulantes =焦色组Section Usti
散囊菌属Eurotium	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=曲霉亚属Subgenus Aspergillus
芬尼菌属Fennellia	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=黄梗组Section Flavipedes
半内果属Hemicarpenteles	转至Transferred to	青霉属Penicillium
新内果属Neocarpenteles	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=棒状组Section Clavati
新石座菌属Neopetromyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=环绕组Section Circumdati
新萨托菌属Neosartorya	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=烟色组Section Fumigati
石座菌属Petromyces	有性型异名Sexual synonym	=黄色组Section Flavi
单瓶霉属Phialosimplex	无性型异名Asexual synonym	=多拟青霉亚属Subgenus Polypaecilum
多拟青霉属Polypaecilum	无性型异名Asexual synonym	=Subgenus Polypaecilum
核闭壳属Sclerocleista	从曲霉属移除Excluded from Aspergillus	独立Independent
束梗丛霉属Stilbothamnium	有性型异名Sexual synonym	废弃异名Discarded synonym

基因片段 Gene fragment	退火温度 Annealing temperature/℃	循环次数 Cycles	引物 Primer	引物方向 Direction	引物序列 Primer sequence（5'-3'）
核糖体内部转录间隔区ITS	55	35	ITS1	正向Forward	TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G
			ITS4	反向Reverse	TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC
β-微管蛋白基因BenA	55	35	Bt2a	正向Forward	GGT AAC CAA ATC GGT GCT GCT TTC
			Bt2b	反向Reverse	ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC
钙调蛋白基因CaM	55	35	CMD5	正向Forward	CCG AGT ACA AGG ARG CCT TC
			CMD6	反向Reverse	CCG ATR GAG GTC ATR ACG TGG
RNA聚合酶II的第2大亚基 RPB2	梯度50-52-55 （alt.：48-50-52）	5-5-30	5F	正向Forward	GAY GAY MGW GAT CAY TTY GG
			7CR	反向Reverse	CCC ATR GCT TGY TTR CCC AT

基因片段 Gene fragment	退火温度 Annealing temperature/℃	循环次数 Cycles	引物 Primer	引物方向 Direction	引物序列 Primer sequence（5'-3'）
核糖体内部转录间隔区ITS	55	35	ITS1	正向Forward	TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G
			ITS4	反向Reverse	TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC
β-微管蛋白基因BenA	55	35	Bt2a	正向Forward	GGT AAC CAA ATC GGT GCT GCT TTC
			Bt2b	反向Reverse	ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC
钙调蛋白基因CaM	55	35	CMD5	正向Forward	CCG AGT ACA AGG ARG CCT TC
			CMD6	反向Reverse	CCG ATR GAG GTC ATR ACG TGG
RNA聚合酶II的第2大亚基 RPB2	梯度50-52-55 （alt.：48-50-52）	5-5-30	5F	正向Forward	GAY GAY MGW GAT CAY TTY GG
			7CR	反向Reverse	CCC ATR GCT TGY TTR CCC AT

曲霉种类Species	功能特征Function and characteristics	基因组Genomic
黑曲霉 A.niger	制酱、酿酒、制醋,柠檬酸生产重要的发酵菌种,生物工程广泛应用 Important fermentation and bioengineering fungi,widely used in the producting of sauce,wine,vinegar,and citric acid	34 Mb,8条染色体 34 Mb,8 chromosomes
棒曲霉 A. clavatus	产生棒曲霉素,对人和动物致病 Producing patulin,and it causes disease to human and animal	35 Mb,5条染色体 35 Mb,5 chromosomes
黄曲霉 A. flavus	污染谷物、食品等,产生黄曲霉毒素 Contaminate grain,food,and produce aflatoxin	约36 Mb,8条染色体 About 36 Mb,8 chromosomes
烟曲霉 A. fumigatus	条件致病真菌,超过念珠菌成为临床常见的真菌感染 Conditional pathogenic fungi,becoming clinical common fungal infections beyond Candida	30 Mb,8个染色体 30 Mb,8 chromosomes
费氏曲霉 A.fischeri = Neosartorya fischeri	可引起角膜炎和移植病人肺部曲霉病 Cause keratitis and pulmonary Aspergillosis in clinical lung-transplant patients	约35 Mb,5条染色体 About 35 Mb,5 chromosomes
米曲霉 A. oryzae	食品酿造工业广泛应用发酵菌株 Fermentation strains are widely used in food brewing industry	37 Mb,8条染色体 37 Mb,8 chromosomes
构巢曲霉 A. nidulans = Emericella nidulans	遗传学和生物化学研究重要模式生物 Important model organism for genetics and biochemistry research	约31 Mb,8条染色体 About 31 Mb,8 chromosomes
土曲霉 A. terreus	产生临床有关的次生代谢产物——洛伐他汀,具有降血脂功效 Produce a clinically relevant secondary metabolite,lovastatin,which has the effect of lowering blood lipid	约35 Mb,8条染色体 About 35 Mb,8 chromosomes