蒸汽爆破对木质纤维素高值化利用的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1154

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

木质纤维素生物质是一种量大面广且廉价易得的可再生资源，已逐步实现由生物质向生物燃料、饲料原料和其他附加值产品的开发及应用，这样的高值转化与综合利用成为“走绿色发展道路、构建绿色生产体系”的重要部分。然而，木质纤维素的天然抗降解屏障及其独特的理化性质，纤维素-半纤维素-木质素三大组分的刚性网络一直是高效转化的瓶颈所在，合理有效的预处理技术则是资源化进程的关键步骤。本文落脚于木质纤维素生物质的基本组成和结构特性分析，在总结物理法、化学法、生物法等传统预处理方法优劣势的基础上，着重阐述了蒸汽爆破的发展历程、加工类型、适用范围、工作原理、反应阶段、技术特点、影响因素、主要参数和可能的副产物效应等，以及在生物质的纤维改性、结构变化、溶解特性、低聚糖制备、活性成分提取与反刍饲料化利用层面的研究进展。此外，还指出蒸汽爆破辅以真菌、细菌为主的微生物发酵，以及糖酶外源添加的后处理流程的发展趋势。最后，归纳了蒸汽爆破在未来商业化、工业化和规模化生产推广中可能面临的困难和挑战，分析提出相应的突破点和解决策略。并就蒸汽爆破技术对常见副产物类型饲料原料的降解效果，及其在单胃动物日粮中的合理应用进行展望，以期为该技术对生物质资源的开发、增值、饲料化应用的诸多潜能提供新思路和技术指导。

关键词: 木质纤维素生物质, 预处理, 蒸汽爆破, 后处理流程, 抗降解屏障, 纤维改性, 饲料化

Abstract:

Lignocellulose biomass is a renewable resource with a large quantity, wide coverage, and low cost. It has gradually been developed and applied from biomass to biofuels, feedstuffs, and other value-added products. Such high-value transformation and comprehensive utilization have become important parts of “taking the path of green development and building a green production system”. However, the natural anti-degradation barrier and unique physicochemical properties of lignocellulose, as well as the rigid network of the three major components of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, have been the long-term bottleneck of efficient conversion. The reasonable and effective pretreatment techniques are the key steps in the resource recovery process. This paper focuses on the analysis of basic composition and structural characteristics of lignocellulose biomass. On the basis of summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of traditional pretreatment methods such as physical, chemical, and biological methods, it emphasizes the development history, processing types, scope of application, working principle, reaction stages, technical characteristics, main parameters, and possible by-product effects of steam explosion. In addition, it involves research progress in the fiber modification, structural changes, dissolution characteristics, oligosaccharide preparation, active ingredient extraction, and ruminant feed utilization of biomass. It is also pointed out that the new trend in the post-treatment process after steam explosion assisted by microbial fermentation dominated by fungi and bacteria, as well as the exogenous addition of carbohydrase. Finally, the difficulties and challenges faced by steam explosion in future commercialization, industrialization, and large-scale production promotion are summarized. The corresponding breakthrough points and solution strategies are analyzed and proposed. The degradation effects of steam explosion technology on common by-product types of feed raw materials, as well as its reasonable application in the diet of monogastric animals, are discussed. It is aimed to provide new ideas and technical guidance for the potential development, value-added, and feed application of biomass resources using this means.

Key words: lignocellulose biomass, pretreatment, steam explosion, post-treatment flow, anti-degradation barrier, fiber modification, feed conversion

武威, 马秋刚, 朱选, 王健. 蒸汽爆破对木质纤维素高值化利用的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(5): 23-37.

WU Wei, MA Qiu-gang, ZHU Xuan, WANG Jian. Research Progress in the High-value Utilization of Lignocellulose Biomass by Steam Explosion[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(5): 23-37.

图/表 5

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LB原料类型 LB substrate type	蒸汽爆破参数 Steam explosion parameter	纤维改性表现 Performance of fiber modification	参考文献 Reference
麦麸Wheat bran	0.8 MPa，3 min	SE处理后麦麸中可溶性纤维总量由18.88%提高到40.32%，纤维表面崩解	[61]
麦麸Wheat bran	不同压力梯度，3 min	可溶性戊聚糖含量及可消化碳水化合物与可溶性蛋白的比值随蒸汽压力增大呈现先增后减的趋势，在1.5 MPa达到峰值，约为未汽爆处理的12倍	[62]
高粱Sorghum	0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 MPa，5 min	SE预处理提高了高粱中还原糖产量，2.0 MPa条件下其含量提高了19倍以上	[63]
豆渣Okara	1.5 MPa，30 s	可溶性纤维含量增加到36.28%，提高了26倍；随着SE强度的增加，低分子量多糖的比例增加	[64]
小麦秸秆Wheat straw	170℃，0.79 MPa，5 min	纤维素保留率91.3%，半纤维素脱除率达83.4%，水解液糖得率为80.1%	[65]
青稞麸皮Highland barley bran	1.5 MPa，90 s	SE预处理后，不溶性纤维总量降低了接近4%，同时可溶性纤维的产率从3.54%提高到6.96%	[24]
小麦麦胚Wheat germ	0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 MPa，5 min	可溶性多糖的平均提取得率达18.72%，其表面结构呈片状不规则破碎结构	[66]

LB原料类型 LB substrate type	蒸汽爆破参数 Steam explosion parameter	纤维改性表现 Performance of fiber modification	参考文献 Reference
麦麸Wheat bran	0.8 MPa，3 min	SE处理后麦麸中可溶性纤维总量由18.88%提高到40.32%，纤维表面崩解	[61]
麦麸Wheat bran	不同压力梯度，3 min	可溶性戊聚糖含量及可消化碳水化合物与可溶性蛋白的比值随蒸汽压力增大呈现先增后减的趋势，在1.5 MPa达到峰值，约为未汽爆处理的12倍	[62]
高粱Sorghum	0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 MPa，5 min	SE预处理提高了高粱中还原糖产量，2.0 MPa条件下其含量提高了19倍以上	[63]
豆渣Okara	1.5 MPa，30 s	可溶性纤维含量增加到36.28%，提高了26倍；随着SE强度的增加，低分子量多糖的比例增加	[64]
小麦秸秆Wheat straw	170℃，0.79 MPa，5 min	纤维素保留率91.3%，半纤维素脱除率达83.4%，水解液糖得率为80.1%	[65]
青稞麸皮Highland barley bran	1.5 MPa，90 s	SE预处理后，不溶性纤维总量降低了接近4%，同时可溶性纤维的产率从3.54%提高到6.96%	[24]
小麦麦胚Wheat germ	0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 MPa，5 min	可溶性多糖的平均提取得率达18.72%，其表面结构呈片状不规则破碎结构	[66]

LB原料类型 Substrate type	SE参数设置 Parameters of SE	预处理联用 Preprocessing combination	研究阶段（规模） Research stage（scale）	转化产出情况 Conversion and output situation	参考文献 Reference
甘蔗渣 Bagasse	190℃，5 min；其他22种优化条件	SO₂/H₂SO₄辅助催化	实验室研究 Laboratory study	以XOS的形式回收约40%的木聚糖，且水解产物在聚合度上具有多样性	[71]
甘蔗渣 Bagasse	自动水解体系（控制面板参数；未写明）	H₂SO₄辅助催化+后续酶解	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	单独SE处理后木糖量为15 g/L，低聚木糖和纤维低聚糖量达60 g/L；辅助催化后低聚糖含量反而显著降低（14 g/L）	[72]
大麦秸秆 Barley straw	180℃，30 min	内切型木聚糖酶与多种脱支酶的组合	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	在该综合工艺中，折算为从100 g 秸秆中获得13.0 g XOS（聚合度为2-6）、12.6 g乙醇和16.6 g木质素	[73]
芒属植物 Miscanthus specie	200℃，15 bar， 10 min	SE后辅以内切木聚糖酶	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	SE预处理后整体XOS产率高达52%，再经酶解4 h后，其中约74%-90%的XOS基本转化为木二糖	[74]

LB原料类型 Substrate type	SE参数设置 Parameters of SE	预处理联用 Preprocessing combination	研究阶段（规模） Research stage（scale）	转化产出情况 Conversion and output situation	参考文献 Reference
甘蔗渣 Bagasse	190℃，5 min；其他22种优化条件	SO₂/H₂SO₄辅助催化	实验室研究 Laboratory study	以XOS的形式回收约40%的木聚糖，且水解产物在聚合度上具有多样性	[71]
甘蔗渣 Bagasse	自动水解体系（控制面板参数；未写明）	H₂SO₄辅助催化+后续酶解	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	单独SE处理后木糖量为15 g/L，低聚木糖和纤维低聚糖量达60 g/L；辅助催化后低聚糖含量反而显著降低（14 g/L）	[72]
大麦秸秆 Barley straw	180℃，30 min	内切型木聚糖酶与多种脱支酶的组合	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	在该综合工艺中，折算为从100 g 秸秆中获得13.0 g XOS（聚合度为2-6）、12.6 g乙醇和16.6 g木质素	[73]
芒属植物 Miscanthus specie	200℃，15 bar， 10 min	SE后辅以内切木聚糖酶	中试工厂 Pilot-plant	SE预处理后整体XOS产率高达52%，再经酶解4 h后，其中约74%-90%的XOS基本转化为木二糖	[74]

LB原料类型 Substrate type	SE条件 SE conditions	酚类变化 Changes in phenolic substances	功能活性表现 Performance of functional activities	参考文献 Reference
苦荞麸皮 Tartary buckwheat bran	1.5 MPa，60 s	SE促进了结合型焦没食子酸、原儿茶酸和咖啡酸的释放，其含量几乎增加了两倍	结合酚提取物的体外氧自由基吸收能力提高270%，游离酚提取物的体外细胞抗氧化活性提高了215%	[79]
红豆 Adzuki	0.25-1.0 MPa，30、90 s	SE有助于多酚的释放，游离多酚中原儿茶素、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量增加	酚类化合物的产率和抗氧化能力在0.75 MPa压强、保压90 s时达到最高	[80]
绿豆 Mung bean	0.25-1.0 MPa，30、90 s	SE增加了原儿茶酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量，但咖啡酸含量有所下降	与未处理的样品相比，SE也提高了游离酚和酯化酚的抗氧化活性	[81]