环境DNA研究技术及其在生态学领域的应用

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 环境DNA（environmental DNA,eDNA）是指从环境样本中提取的所有DNA的集合,包括环境微生物以及从生物体上脱落下来的活细胞DNA和因生物死亡后细胞破碎而游离出的胞外DNA。按照宏基因组学概念,eDNA研究技术主要是指直接从环境样本中提取基因组DNA后进行测序分析的方法。较传统的研究方法,eDNA应用最大的优势在于更有效地解决了特定环境样本中宏量生物的分类问题,利于更进一步研究生态学问题,该技术耗时短、成本低,准确度高。第二代高通量测序技术的开发成功,进一步拓展了eDNA的应用范围,并开始从微生物学向动、植物学领域拓展,促进了传统生态学领域在研究方法和思想上的一场革新。对eDNA的研究技术在生物多样性分析、动物食性分析、生物量估测等生态学领域的应用进行了综述,最后对eDNA研究技术的发展趋势和前景作出展望。

关键词: 环境DNA, 宏基因组学, 生态学, 物种分类

Abstract: Environmental DNA（eDNA）refers to DNA that can be extracted from environmental samples, without first isolating any target organisms, which includes DNA of environmental microorganisms, alive cellular fallen off from organisms, and extracellular DNA resulting from natural death organisms and subsequent destruction of cell structure. According to metagenomics concept, eDNA technologies mainly refers to the methods of sequencing analysis with genomic DNA from environmental samples. Comparing with the traditional way, the significant advantage of eDNA technologies is more efficient in solving the classification problem of mass organisms in given environmental sample, which exert shorter time-consuming, lower cost, higher accuracy. The next generation of high-throughput sequencing technology（NGS）further expands the application fields of eDNA technologies, from microbiological field to zoological and botanic fields, and results in an innovation in research methods and ideas in traditional ecology. The present review summarized the eDNA technologies and applications aspects in analysis of biological diversity, animal diets, aquatic biomass estimation, etc. Finally, the trends and prospects regarding eDNA technologies development are presented.

Key words: Environmental DNA, Metagenomics, Ecology, Species classification

徐浩, 罗茜, 李云, 薛洋, 叶勤. 环境DNA研究技术及其在生态学领域的应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2014, 0(10): 49-55.

Xu Hao, Luo Xi, Li Yun, Xue Yang, Ye Qin. Applications of Environmental DNA Approaches to Ecological Researches[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2014, 0(10): 49-55.

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