水环境微生物溯源技术的研究和应用进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2019-0343

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 地表水体的粪便污染是畜禽养殖业导致的主要环境污染问题之一,准确鉴别污染来源并从源头上控制畜禽动物粪便排放对于水体粪便污染治理具有重要意义。微生物溯源（Microbial source tracking,MST）是依据源指示微生物与宿主之间所具有的特异性关系来定位污染源的一类溯源技术。根据报道,多种肠道微生物可作为源指示微生物用于地表水环境的粪便污染溯源分析,并基于其表型或者基因型特征开发出多样化的检测方法,包括依赖培养的检测和不依赖培养的分子检测。从不同类型的源指示微生物入手,围绕两类主要的MST方法,即单源指示物法和多源指示物法,具体包括细菌指示物法、病毒指示物法、DNA微阵列法及高通量测序法等,重点综述了不同类型的源指示微生物及其常用的检测方法,包括其原理及优缺点,并讨论了目前MST技术所面临的问题与挑战。此外,还对现有的MST技术在美国环境保护署（U.S. Environmental protection agency,EPA）推行的最大日负荷总量（Total maximum daily load,TMDL）方案制定过程中的应用做了简要概述,并对MST技术的发展趋势进行展望,以期促进MST技术在我国环境水质监测领域中的应用。

关键词: 粪便污染, 微生物溯源, 污染源, 源指示物, 基因标记

Abstract: One of the main environmental pollution problems caused by livestock and poultry farming is the fecal pollution to surface water. It is critical to identify the source of fecal pollution associated with livestock for the efficient control of the fecal pollution to water system. Microbial source tracking（MST）is a kind of technique that may locate pollution sources according to the specific relationship between source-indicating microorganisms and hosts. A variety of intestinal microorganisms have been reported to be used as indicators for source tracking of fecal contamination in surface water environments. Based on their phenotypic or genotypic characteristics,various detection methods have been developed,including culture-dependent methods and culture-independent molecular methods. MST can be classified as single-source-indicator methods and multi-source-indicator methods,specifically including bacterial and viral indicator methods,as well as multi-source-indicating DNA microarray and high-throughput sequencing methods. Different types of source-indicating microorganisms and their related detection methods are reviewed in this paper,including their principles and pros and cons,and the issues and challenges while using MST are also discussed. In addition,the application of MST in total maximum daily load（TMDL）promoted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）is briefly summarized,and the development trend of MST is also prospected,aiming at promoting the application of MST in the monitoring of water quality in China.

Key words: fecal pollution, microbial source tracking, source of pollution, source indicators, gene marker

许又分, 李宗, 刘如铟, 余志晟, 张洪勋, 何炜, 李烨. 水环境微生物溯源技术的研究和应用进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2019, 35(9): 35-44.

XU You-fen, LI Zong, LIU Ru-yin, YU Zhi-sheng, ZHANG Hong-xun, HE Wei, LI Ye. Advances in Research and Application of Microbial Source Tracking Technology in Aquatic Environment[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2019, 35(9): 35-44.

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