基于纳米颗粒的基因突变检测方法研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0812

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基因突变是指在分子结构上发生碱基对的组成或排列顺序的改变。它与人类疾病的发生息息相关,一直以来备受关注,开发准确可靠的检测方法,进一步探索核酸功能调控以及相关疾病的早期发现和治疗是研究人员不断努力的方向。近年来,纳米颗粒因其优异的光学、电学和生物相容性,在生物医学领域得到广泛应用。首次系统地论述基于纳米颗粒在基因突变检测方面的最新研究进展,阐述了该研究领域目前所存在的主要问题和面临的挑战,展望了未来的发展趋势,旨为基因突变检测提供新的可选择的思路。

关键词: 纳米颗粒, 荧光法, 单颗粒计数法, 基因突变

Abstract:

Gene mutation refers to a change in the composition or sequence of base pairs in the molecular structure. It is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases and has always attracted attention. The development of accurate and reliable detection methods,the further exploration of nucleic acid function regulation and the early detection and treatment of related diseases are the directions of researchers’ continuous efforts. In recent years,nanoparticles have been widely used in the field of biomedicine due to their excellent optical-,electrical- and bio-compatibility. It is the first work to systematically discuss the latest research progress in gene mutation detection based on the nanoparticle,to explain the main issues and challenges in this field,and to look forward to the future development trend,aiming to provide new options for gene mutation detection ideas.

Key words: nanoparticles, fluorescence method, single particle counting method, gene mutation

王蕾蕾, 董莲华, 杨靖亚, 王霞. 基于纳米颗粒的基因突变检测方法研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(3): 241-251.

WANG Lei-lei, DONG Lian-hua, YANG Jing-ya, WANG Xia. Research Progress of Gene Mutation Detection Methods Based on Nanoparticles[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(3): 241-251.

图/表 8

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分类		成本	耗时	优点	缺点
测序法	第一代测序	高	长	读长长,适用于所有的突变类型	通量低,操作繁琐,自动化程度低,无法大规模使用
	第二代测序	低	长	通量高,灵敏度高,准确性高,自动化程度高	读长短,依赖于PCR扩增,不适用于序列已知的单基因突变检测,无法在单细胞、单分子水平检测
	第三代测序	高	短	读长长,通量高,不需要PCR扩增	出错率高,要多次重复检测
高效液相色谱法		低	短	通量高,自动化程度高,操作简便,重复性好,准确性高	只能检测有无突变,不能检测出突变类型,结果判断容易出错
PCR法	实时荧光定量PCR	高	短	通量高,特异性好,自动化程度高,灵敏度高	需要外标,依赖于标准曲线,准确性易受操作中因素影响
	数字PCR	高	短	灵敏度高,特异性好,重复性好,可实现绝对定量	试剂盒研发难度较大,费用高昂
微阵列法		高	短	灵敏度高,通量高,样品用量少	效率低,过程繁琐,缺乏标准化,不适于低丰度检测

分类		成本	耗时	优点	缺点
测序法	第一代测序	高	长	读长长,适用于所有的突变类型	通量低,操作繁琐,自动化程度低,无法大规模使用
	第二代测序	低	长	通量高,灵敏度高,准确性高,自动化程度高	读长短,依赖于PCR扩增,不适用于序列已知的单基因突变检测,无法在单细胞、单分子水平检测
	第三代测序	高	短	读长长,通量高,不需要PCR扩增	出错率高,要多次重复检测
高效液相色谱法		低	短	通量高,自动化程度高,操作简便,重复性好,准确性高	只能检测有无突变,不能检测出突变类型,结果判断容易出错
PCR法	实时荧光定量PCR	高	短	通量高,特异性好,自动化程度高,灵敏度高	需要外标,依赖于标准曲线,准确性易受操作中因素影响
	数字PCR	高	短	灵敏度高,特异性好,重复性好,可实现绝对定量	试剂盒研发难度较大,费用高昂
微阵列法		高	短	灵敏度高,通量高,样品用量少	效率低,过程繁琐,缺乏标准化,不适于低丰度检测

分类	优点	局限性	参考文献
银纳米颗粒（AgNP）	导电性、抗菌性好,制备简单,选择性高	化学稳定性差,极易氧化,毒性作用	[24]
金纳米颗粒（AuNP）	易修饰,重现性好,良好的光学和电学特性,操作简便,环境污染小	灵敏度有限,制备粒径均匀可控大小可行性受限	[25]
铜纳米颗粒（CuNP）	尺寸小,经济效益高,安全性高,可降低复杂样品的背景信号	在水溶液中不稳定,容易氧化,长期检测面临困难,光稳定性脆弱	[25-26]
磁纳米颗粒（MNP）	表面积大,表面活性位点多,传质能力强,具有超顺磁性,还原性好,易于合成、生产,低毒性,分离速度快	在空气中易氧化,亲水性差,易聚合纳米团块导致其分散性与生物相容性变差	[27-28]
高分子荧光纳米颗粒	灵敏度高,特异性强,容易制得,成本低,可实现多目标的检测	难以离心沉淀,分离困难,内部染料存在泄露的可能,潜在的生物毒性	[29]
复合二氧化硅荧光纳米颗粒	发光强度大,光稳定性好,良好的水溶性和表面化学活性,合成条件简单,无毒	容易团聚,大规模生产面临挑战	[30]
量子点	亮度高,光稳定性好,吸收光谱宽,斯托克斯位移大,光电化学活性强,摩尔消光系数大,量子产率高,荧光寿命长	合成条件苛刻,毒性作用与环境污染,易黏合聚集,长期稳定性不高,固有闪烁,生产成本高	[31]

分类	优点	局限性	参考文献
银纳米颗粒（AgNP）	导电性、抗菌性好,制备简单,选择性高	化学稳定性差,极易氧化,毒性作用	[24]
金纳米颗粒（AuNP）	易修饰,重现性好,良好的光学和电学特性,操作简便,环境污染小	灵敏度有限,制备粒径均匀可控大小可行性受限	[25]
铜纳米颗粒（CuNP）	尺寸小,经济效益高,安全性高,可降低复杂样品的背景信号	在水溶液中不稳定,容易氧化,长期检测面临困难,光稳定性脆弱	[25-26]
磁纳米颗粒（MNP）	表面积大,表面活性位点多,传质能力强,具有超顺磁性,还原性好,易于合成、生产,低毒性,分离速度快	在空气中易氧化,亲水性差,易聚合纳米团块导致其分散性与生物相容性变差	[27-28]
高分子荧光纳米颗粒	灵敏度高,特异性强,容易制得,成本低,可实现多目标的检测	难以离心沉淀,分离困难,内部染料存在泄露的可能,潜在的生物毒性	[29]
复合二氧化硅荧光纳米颗粒	发光强度大,光稳定性好,良好的水溶性和表面化学活性,合成条件简单,无毒	容易团聚,大规模生产面临挑战	[30]
量子点	亮度高,光稳定性好,吸收光谱宽,斯托克斯位移大,光电化学活性强,摩尔消光系数大,量子产率高,荧光寿命长	合成条件苛刻,毒性作用与环境污染,易黏合聚集,长期稳定性不高,固有闪烁,生产成本高	[31]