生物脱氮中工程纳米颗粒的毒害作用及减毒措施的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0470

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氮化合物在生命代谢过程中扮演着重要的角色,但过多的无机氮会导致水体恶化进而影响人类健康,生物脱氮技术可高效去除环境中的无机氮且不引起二次污染。随着工程纳米颗粒在生活中的广泛应用,导致其大量释放到土壤及水体中,极大地阻碍了废水处理中的生物脱氮过程,因此,微生物脱氮过程中工程纳米颗粒的毒害作用及减毒措施成了近年来的研究热点。阐述了工程纳米颗粒进入水环境的方式,系统分析了工程纳米颗粒对废水处理系统和生物脱氮过程的影响,详细说明了工程纳米颗粒对脱氮微生物的毒害作用、脱氮微生物的抵御机制及减毒措施,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。旨为提高工程纳米颗粒存在条件下的脱氮效率具有重要的理论指导意义,同时,可促进工程纳米颗粒对耐冷异养硝化和好氧反硝化菌的毒害及应激机制研究。

关键词: 工程纳米颗粒, 生物脱氮, 毒害作用, 解毒措施

Abstract:

Nitrogen compounds play an important role in the metabolism of life. However,excessive inorganic nitrogen may cause water deterioration and affect human health. Biological nitrogen-removing technology can efficiently remove inorganic nitrogen from the environment without causing secondary pollution. With the wide application of engineered nanoparticles in life,a large number of them have been released into the soil and water bodies,which greatly hinder the biological nitrogen-removing process in wastewater treatment process. Therefore,the toxic effect of engineered nanoparticles and the detoxification measures during microbial nitrogen-removing process have become the research hotspots in recent years. In this paper,the way of engineered nanoparticles entering water environment is described carefully. Thereafter,the impact of engineered nanoparticles on wastewater treatment systems and biological denitrification are systematically analyzed. Additionally,the toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles on denitrifying microorganisms and the detoxification mechanism of denitrifying microorganisms are carefully analyzed. The prospects for future research trends are proposed. It is aimed to have a theoretical significance for improving the biological nitrogen-removing efficiency in the presence of engineered nanoparticles. Meanwhile,it may promote the exploration of the toxicity and stress mechanism of nanoparticles to heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification bacteria.

Key words: engineered nanoparticles, biological denitrification, toxic effect, detoxification measures

张漫漫, 何腾霞, 丁晨雨, 陈梦苹, 吴启凤. 生物脱氮中工程纳米颗粒的毒害作用及减毒措施的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(2): 227-236.

ZHANG Man-man, HE Teng-xia, DING Chen-yu, CHEN Meng-ping, WU Qi-feng. Research Progress of the Toxic Effects and Detoxification Measures of Engineered Nanoparticles in Biological Nitrogen-removing Process[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(2): 227-236.

图/表 4

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脱氮阶段 Nitrogen-removing stage	工程纳米颗粒 Engineered nanoparticles	毒害作用 Toxic effect	参考文献 Reference
硝化过程 Nitrification process	Mn₂O₃NPs	低溶解氧条件下AmoA基因表达、转录水平严重下降;高溶解氧时Hao、NirK和AmoA基因表达下降	[31]
	AgNPs	引起转录后膜结合硝化酶功能的中断,使硝化作用降低10％或更多;导致重金属胁迫反应,并最终引起膜破裂	[32]
	AgNPs	对氨氧化的尺寸和涂层依赖性抑制,抑制生物合成、基因表达、能量产生	[33]
	AgNPs	影响氨氮加氧酶的活性	[21]
	ZnONPs	由于有毒锌离子在厌氧氨氧化生物量中的积累,使90%的脱氮能力丧失	[34]
反硝化过程 Denitrification process	ZnONPs	使硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶的基因表达和催化活性受到显著抑制,	[36]
	AgNPs	导致脂质过氧化;使细胞产生活性氧,破坏膜蛋白并进一步阻碍电子传递呼吸链;抑制了基因NapA、NirS、CnorB、NosZ的表达	[37]
	CuONPs	影响参与氮代谢、电子转移和物质转运等的蛋白质调节	[38]
	Tio₂NPs	影响氨氮加氧酶的活性	[39]
	AgNPs	由于有毒锌离子在厌氧氨氧化生物量中的积累,使90%的脱氮能力丧失	[40]

脱氮阶段 Nitrogen-removing stage	工程纳米颗粒 Engineered nanoparticles	毒害作用 Toxic effect	参考文献 Reference
硝化过程 Nitrification process	Mn₂O₃NPs	低溶解氧条件下AmoA基因表达、转录水平严重下降;高溶解氧时Hao、NirK和AmoA基因表达下降	[31]
	AgNPs	引起转录后膜结合硝化酶功能的中断,使硝化作用降低10％或更多;导致重金属胁迫反应,并最终引起膜破裂	[32]
	AgNPs	对氨氧化的尺寸和涂层依赖性抑制,抑制生物合成、基因表达、能量产生	[33]
	AgNPs	影响氨氮加氧酶的活性	[21]
	ZnONPs	由于有毒锌离子在厌氧氨氧化生物量中的积累,使90%的脱氮能力丧失	[34]
反硝化过程 Denitrification process	ZnONPs	使硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶的基因表达和催化活性受到显著抑制,	[36]
	AgNPs	导致脂质过氧化;使细胞产生活性氧,破坏膜蛋白并进一步阻碍电子传递呼吸链;抑制了基因NapA、NirS、CnorB、NosZ的表达	[37]
	CuONPs	影响参与氮代谢、电子转移和物质转运等的蛋白质调节	[38]
	Tio₂NPs	影响氨氮加氧酶的活性	[39]
	AgNPs	由于有毒锌离子在厌氧氨氧化生物量中的积累,使90%的脱氮能力丧失	[40]

菌株 Strain	工程纳米颗粒 Engineered nanoparticle	影响 Influences	参考文献 Reference
Nitrifying bacteria	TiO₂NPs	长期暴露后,会降低氨氧化细菌的丰度,细菌数量减少	[45]
Escherichia coli	ZnONPs	破坏一些基团或蛋白进而影响膜的完整性	[47]
Nitrosomonas europaea	ZnONPs	破坏细菌细胞膜	[54]
Nitrosomonas europaea	ZnONPs	50 mg/L的ZnONPs显著降低细胞密度,破坏膜完整性	[55]
Nitrosomonas europaea	AgNPs	细胞外膜活性降低	[50]
Nitrifying bacteria	AgNPs	细胞壁破坏,核仁解体,进而导致细胞膜收缩	[56]
Nitrosomonas europaea	TiO₂NPs、ZnONPs、CeO₂NPs	对细胞造成压力,引起形态学损伤	[57]
Diaphorobacter	ZnONPs、AgNPs	降低细菌活性	[58]

菌株 Strain	工程纳米颗粒 Engineered nanoparticle	影响 Influences	参考文献 Reference
Nitrifying bacteria	TiO₂NPs	长期暴露后,会降低氨氧化细菌的丰度,细菌数量减少	[45]
Escherichia coli	ZnONPs	破坏一些基团或蛋白进而影响膜的完整性	[47]
Nitrosomonas europaea	ZnONPs	破坏细菌细胞膜	[54]
Nitrosomonas europaea	ZnONPs	50 mg/L的ZnONPs显著降低细胞密度,破坏膜完整性	[55]
Nitrosomonas europaea	AgNPs	细胞外膜活性降低	[50]
Nitrifying bacteria	AgNPs	细胞壁破坏,核仁解体,进而导致细胞膜收缩	[56]
Nitrosomonas europaea	TiO₂NPs、ZnONPs、CeO₂NPs	对细胞造成压力,引起形态学损伤	[57]
Diaphorobacter	ZnONPs、AgNPs	降低细菌活性	[58]