三种主要真菌毒素及其毒素降解酶的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0596

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

饲料生产贮藏时常被真菌毒素污染，主要包括黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素、伏马毒素B₁、赭曲霉毒素A和T-2毒素，真菌毒素会对畜禽造成严重的身体伤害甚至死亡，而真菌毒素的共存将导致更大程度的经济损失。真菌毒素的降解主要包括化学降解法、物理降解法和生物酶解法，而生物酶解法相比于另外两种方法更为环保、高效，因此备受关注。本文对毒性强、污染广的黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的危害机制、降解途径以及相关的真菌毒素降解酶进行详细分析及探讨。利用分子对接等手段揭示了毒素小分子在降解反应中与真菌毒素降解酶的相互作用，并筛选出了降解过程中的关键氨基酸。虽然酶解法在去除真菌毒素方面具有优势，但是由于成本高等原因目前应用仍然受限，急需进一步研究和开发。因此，优化酶解法的工艺和条件，以实现高效、经济地去除真菌毒素将成为未来研究重点。本研究为指导真菌毒素降解酶的设计和优化提供了重要参考。

关键词: 真菌毒素, 危害机制, 降解途径, 毒素降解酶

Abstract:

Feed during production and storage is often contaminated with mycotoxins, mainly including aflatoxin, zearalenone, vomitoxin, fumonisin B₁, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxins. Mycotoxins cause serious physical injury or even death to livestock and poultry, and the coexistence of mycotoxins will lead to greater economic losses. The degradation of mycotoxins mainly includes chemical degradation, physical degradation and biological enzymatic hydrolysis. Biological enzymatic hydrolysisis more environmentally friendly and efficient than the other two methods, thus it has attracted much attention. In this paper, we analyzed the harmful mechanisms, degradation pathways and related mycotoxin-degrading enzymes of aflatoxin, zearalenone and vomitoxin with strong toxicity and wide pollution in detail. We revealed the interaction between toxin small molecules and mycotoxin-degrading enzymes in degradation reactions by molecular docking and other means, and screened the key amino acids in the degradation process. Although enzymatic hydrolysis possesses advantages in removing mycotoxins, its current application is still limited due to high cost and other reasons, and further research and development are urgently needed. Therefore, optimizing the process and conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis to achieve efficient and cost-effective removal of mycotoxins will be the focus of future research. This study provides an important reference to guide the design and optimization of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes.

Key words: mycotoxins, hazard mechanism, degrading pathways, toxin-degrading enzyme

向霞, 朱恩恒, 韩楠玉. 三种主要真菌毒素及其毒素降解酶的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(1): 45-56.

XIANG Xia, ZHU En-heng, HAN Nan-yu. Research Progress in Three Major Mycotoxins and Their Toxin-degrading Enzymes[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(1): 45-56.

图/表 15

图1 AFs毒素衍生物 A：黄曲霉毒素B1；B：黄曲霉毒素B2；C：黄曲霉毒素M1；D：黄曲霉毒素M2；E：黄曲霉毒素G1；F：黄曲霉毒素G2

Fig. 1 AFs toxin derivatives A: aflatoxin B1; B: aflatoxin B2; C: aflatoxin M1; D: aflatoxin M2; E: aflatoxin G1; F: aflatoxin G2

图2 ZEN（A）和DON（B）结构图

Fig. 2 ZEN (A) and DON (B) structure diagram

图3 DON代谢途径及降解产物

Fig. 3 DON metabolic pathway and degradation products

图4 AFB1的主要代谢途径

Fig. 4 Main metabolic pathways of AFB1

表1 黄曲霉毒素氧化酶与小分子对接最优模型结果

Table 1 Results of optimal model of aflatoxin oxidase docking with small molecules

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-8.7	6	-6.7
2	-8.5	7	-6.6
3	-7.5	8	-6.6
4	-7.1	9	-6.3
5	-7.1	10	-6.2

图5 黄曲霉毒素氧化酶与AFB1形成的相互作用

Fig. 5 Interaction formed between aflatoxin oxidase and AFB1 formation

图6 ZHD101水解ZEN的降解产物

Fig. 6 Degraded product of ZHD101 hydrolyzing ZEN

图7 玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶活性口袋位置预测结果

Fig. 7 Prediction of the position of the active pocket of zearalenone degradation enzyme

表2 玉米赤酶烯酮降解酶与ZEN对接最优模型结果

Table 2 Optimal model results for maize erythrene ketone degradation enzyme docking with ZEN

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-8.5	6	-7.3
2	-7.9	7	-7.0
3	-7.4	8	-6.7
4	-7.4	9	-6.6
5	-7.3	10	-6.5

图8 内酯水解酶zhd101与ZEN形成的相互作用，参与底物结合的氨基酸显示为棒状

Fig. 8 Interaction formed by lactone hydrolase zhd101 and ZEN, and the amino acids involved in substrate binding are shown as rods

图9 DepA和DepB降解DON机制

Fig. 9 Mechanism of DepA and DepB degrading DON

图10 通过SPG异构化DON、3A-DON和15A-DON生成的异构产物

Fig. 10 Isomeric products generated by SPG isomerizing DON, 3A-DON, and 15A-DON

图11 SPG的催化机理

Fig. 11 Catalytic mechanism of SPG

表3 特异乙醛化酶与DON对接最优模型结果

Table 3 Results of the optimal model for the docking of specific glyoxylase with DON

Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）	Mode	Affinity/（kcal·mol^-1）
1	-7.6	6	-6.3
2	-7.5	7	-6.2
3	-7.1	8	-6.2
4	-7.0	9	-6.1
5	-6.9	10	-5.9

图12 特异乙醛化酶SPG与DON形成的相互作用，参与底物结合的氨基酸显示为棒状

Fig. 12 Interaction of specific glyoxylase SPG with DON formation, amino acids involved in substrate binding shown as rods

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