甘蔗根际微生态及其与黑穗病防治之间的关系

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-0303

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黑穗病严重危害甘蔗生产，造成蔗茎产量降低和蔗糖分损失。该病害通过气传和土传等方式传播，其病原菌的孢子能在高温干燥环境下存活半年以上。根际微生态是根系与土壤紧密联系的微型生态体系。该体系的环境因素如土壤微生物、根系分泌物、土壤理化性质等对作物生长发育有着极为重要的影响。同样地，根际微生态与植物病害的发展和防控也有着极其密切关系。甘蔗根际微生态系统的特征及其与黑穗病之间内在联系的阐述，有助于甘蔗黑穗病的早期预防及生防资源的开拓挖掘。本文从甘蔗黑穗病的发生与危害、植物根际微生态与病害的关系、甘蔗根际微生态及黑穗病防治这几方面，对前人研究进展进行综述，旨在为甘蔗根际微生态的研究和优异生防资源的挖掘及甘蔗黑穗病的高效防治提供参考和借鉴。

关键词: 甘蔗, 黑穗病, 根际微生态, 防治措施

Abstract:

Sugarcane smut seriously endangers sugarcane production，resulting in reduced sugarcane yield and sucrose loss. It is dispered through wind and soil，its teliospores could survive for more than half a year in hot and dry conditions. Rhizosphere microecology is a micro-ecosystem in which roots are closely related to soil. The environmental factors of the system，such as soil microorganisms，root exudates and soil physicochemical properties，have an extremely important impact on the growth and development of plant. Similarly，the development and prevention and control of plant diseases is also closely related. The research on characteristics of sugarcane rhizosphere micro-ecosystem and the internal relationship between it and sugarcane smut is conducive to the early prevention of sugarcane smut and the exploration of biocontrol resources. This paper summarizes the previous research progress from the following these aspects：the occurrence and harm of sugarcane smut，the relationship between plant rhizosphere microecology and diseases，sugarcane rhizosphere microecology and smut control. It aims to provide reference for the research of sugarcane rhizosphere microecology，the excavation of excellent biological control resources and the efficient control of sugarcane smut.

Key words: sugarcane, smut, rhizosphere microecology, control measures

张靖, 尤垂淮, 曹月, 崔天真, 杨靖涛, 罗俊. 甘蔗根际微生态及其与黑穗病防治之间的关系[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(11): 21-31.

ZHANG Jing, YOU Chui-huai, CAO Yue, CUI Tian-zhen, YANG Jing-tao, LUO Jun. Sugarcane Rhizosphere Microecology and Its Relationship with Smut Control[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2022, 38(11): 21-31.

图/表 2

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防治措施Control strategy	措施Measures	不足之处Deficiencies
植物检疫 Plant quarantine	出入本国或本地区的甘蔗及相关产品进行隔离试种、检验和处理；局部地区发生的检疫性有害生物应封锁在一定范围内并立即采取一切必要措施加以铲除^[67]	《植物检疫条例》宣传力度不够
新品种选育 New variety breeding	（1）建立甘蔗种质资源圃；如国内广西等地区，国外佛罗里达等地区^[68-69]；（2）种质资源的引进、收集、研究和利用；如通过杂交选育出的抗病品种，国内如中糖2号、福农15号等，国外如98A163、2000A241等^[62,70-71]；（3）通过基因克隆和转基因技术；如具有潜力抗黑穗病基因ScSEC/ScGluA/ScGluD1/ScGluD2等，验证具有抗性的转几丁质酶和β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因的5个甘蔗转基因株系（SCG1-5）等^[72??-75]	甘蔗转育成本高；生态适应性强的甘蔗新品种不多
农业防治 Agricultural control	（1）使用无菌种蔗；从无病区选取健壮蔗株的第一段梢头苗留种进行调运，其中梢头苗外有叶鞘包裹，蔗芽不易受到病菌侵染；（2）轮作、套作等耕作措施；利用大豆与甘蔗、水稻和红花草子与甘蔗、红花草子与甘蔗等轮作或套种^[76]；（3）加强田间管理；补足养分及水分，及时除草	人工成本高；机械化欠缺
物理防治 Physical control	热力处理；将带病蔗种进行52℃处理3-4 h或54℃处理2-3 h^[77]	并非适用于所有品种；病害严重时防治效果微弱
化学防治 Chemical control	（1）种苗消毒；用福尔马林或石灰水进行浸种，利用薄膜覆盖闷种或40%拌种双可湿性粉剂/40%拌种灵可湿性粉剂/25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂/80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂/2.5%扑力猛悬浮种衣剂500-800倍液进行浸种；（2）化学杀菌剂利用；如有机汞/氯杀菌剂、三唑类杀真菌剂、氟虫酚杀真菌剂、待开发新型24元大乳素生化杀菌剂等^[78?-80]	对环境产生污染
生物防治 Biological control	利用拮抗微生物进行“以菌治菌”；内生菌如叶片分离出的伯克霍尔德氏菌CGB10，非内生菌如根际土壤分离出的假单胞属菌ST4等^[81-82]	生防制品保质周期短

防治措施Control strategy	措施Measures	不足之处Deficiencies
植物检疫 Plant quarantine	出入本国或本地区的甘蔗及相关产品进行隔离试种、检验和处理；局部地区发生的检疫性有害生物应封锁在一定范围内并立即采取一切必要措施加以铲除^[67]	《植物检疫条例》宣传力度不够
新品种选育 New variety breeding	（1）建立甘蔗种质资源圃；如国内广西等地区，国外佛罗里达等地区^[68-69]；（2）种质资源的引进、收集、研究和利用；如通过杂交选育出的抗病品种，国内如中糖2号、福农15号等，国外如98A163、2000A241等^[62,70-71]；（3）通过基因克隆和转基因技术；如具有潜力抗黑穗病基因ScSEC/ScGluA/ScGluD1/ScGluD2等，验证具有抗性的转几丁质酶和β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因的5个甘蔗转基因株系（SCG1-5）等^[72??-75]	甘蔗转育成本高；生态适应性强的甘蔗新品种不多
农业防治 Agricultural control	（1）使用无菌种蔗；从无病区选取健壮蔗株的第一段梢头苗留种进行调运，其中梢头苗外有叶鞘包裹，蔗芽不易受到病菌侵染；（2）轮作、套作等耕作措施；利用大豆与甘蔗、水稻和红花草子与甘蔗、红花草子与甘蔗等轮作或套种^[76]；（3）加强田间管理；补足养分及水分，及时除草	人工成本高；机械化欠缺
物理防治 Physical control	热力处理；将带病蔗种进行52℃处理3-4 h或54℃处理2-3 h^[77]	并非适用于所有品种；病害严重时防治效果微弱
化学防治 Chemical control	（1）种苗消毒；用福尔马林或石灰水进行浸种，利用薄膜覆盖闷种或40%拌种双可湿性粉剂/40%拌种灵可湿性粉剂/25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂/80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂/2.5%扑力猛悬浮种衣剂500-800倍液进行浸种；（2）化学杀菌剂利用；如有机汞/氯杀菌剂、三唑类杀真菌剂、氟虫酚杀真菌剂、待开发新型24元大乳素生化杀菌剂等^[78?-80]	对环境产生污染
生物防治 Biological control	利用拮抗微生物进行“以菌治菌”；内生菌如叶片分离出的伯克霍尔德氏菌CGB10，非内生菌如根际土壤分离出的假单胞属菌ST4等^[81-82]	生防制品保质周期短