植物光合作用的光保护机制研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0549

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

光合作用是植物生长和产量形成的基础。光为植物光合作用提供能源，但是过高的光强会产生光抑制，导致光合效率降低甚至光氧化破坏，尤其在干旱、高温、低温等逆境条件下更为严重。为应对光抑制，植物进化出多种光保护机制，包括叶绿体的移动、非光化学淬灭、活性氧清除、环式电子传递及PSII损伤修复等。其中，叶绿体的移动通过叶片姿态调整和叶绿体位置改变来影响光能的吸收，从而实现对强光的适应；非光化学淬灭通过将过剩光能以热形式耗散避免PSII损伤；活性氧清除机制可以减轻氧化损伤；环式电子传递通过调节能量平衡和光系统间的激发能分配，在光合作用的光保护中发挥关键作用；PSII损伤修复机制的高效运行使植物能在逆境中维持光合效率。最新研究加深了对光保护机制的理解，为培育高光效作物品种提供了新思路和靶点。未来需加强田间试验，探究光保护机制在自然环境中的作用，深入解析光保护机制的分子基础和调控网络，有望为培育高产、优质、抗逆的作物新品种提供理论依据与数据支撑。

关键词: 光合作用, 光损伤, 光抑制, 光保护

Abstract:

Photosynthesis is the foundation of plant growth and yield formation. Light provides the energy for plant photosynthesis, but excessive light can cause photoinhibition, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency or even photo-oxidative damage, which is particularly severe under stress conditions such as drought, high temperature, and low temperature. In response to photoinhibition, plants have evolved a variety of photoprotective mechanisms, including chloroplast movement, non-photochemical quenching, reactive oxygen species scavenging, cyclic electron transport, and PSII damage repair. The movement of chloroplasts affects the absorption of light energy through the adjustment of leaf posture and the change of chloroplast position, so as to achieve the adaptation to high light. Non-photochemical quenching dissipates excess light energy as heat to prevent PSII damage. The ROS scavenging system mitigates oxidative damage. Cyclic electron flow regulates energy balance and excitation energy distribution between photosystems, playing a key role in photoprotection. The efficient PSII repair mechanism helps plants maintain photosynthetic efficiency under stress. Recent research has enhanced our understanding of these mechanisms, providing new ideas for breeding high-photosynthetic-efficiency crop varieties. Future research should focus on field experiments to explore the role of photoprotection in natural conditions and the molecular basis and regulatory networks of photoprotective mechanisms, which is expected to provide theoretical basis and data support for cultivating new crop varieties with high yield, high quality and stress resistance.

Key words: photosynthesis, photodamage, photoinhibition, photoprotection

陈立超, 杨雪莲, 李文杰, 石艳云, 张立新, 徐秀美. 植物光合作用的光保护机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(10): 64-71.

CHEN Li-chao, YANG Xue-lian, LI Wen-jie, SHI Yan-yun, ZHANG Li-xin, XU Xiu-mei. Advances in the Study of Photoprotection in Plant Photosynthesis[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(10): 64-71.

图/表 2

图1 植物主要的光保护机制强光照射下，叶绿体的移动、非光化学淬灭、活性氧清除、环式电子传递、光合状态转换、PSII损伤修复等光保护机制协同发挥作用，进而保护植物免受强光损害

Fig. 1 Main light protection mechanisms of plantsUnder high light irradiation, photoprotection mechanisms such as chloroplast movement, non-photochemical quenching, reactive oxygen species scavenging, cyclic electron transfer, photosynthetic state transition, and PSII damage repair work together to protect plants from high light damage

图2 叶绿体内主要活性氧的产生与清除途径A：叶绿体内主要活性氧种类，主要包括单线态氧（1O2）、超氧阴离子（O2-·）、过氧化氢（H2O2）和羟基自由基（·OH）；B：叶绿体内主要抗氧化系统，酶促抗氧化系统主要包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）等，SOD能够催化O2-·歧化为H2O2，H2O2在Fe2+存在下生成·OH，或由APX、GPX分解为H2O和其他物质。非酶抗氧化系统包括抗坏血酸（VC）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、α-生育酚（VE）等，能够通过自身的氧化还原反应，直接清除ROS，减轻氧化损伤

Fig. 2 Production and scavenge ways of reactive oxygen species in chloroplastsA: Types of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2-·), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (·OH). B: The main antioxidant system in chloroplasts, the enzymatic antioxidant system mainly includes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). SOD can catalyze the dismutation of O2-· to H2O2, and then H₂O₂ produces ·OH in the presence of Fe²⁺, or is decomposed into H2O and other substances by APX and GPX. The non-enzymatic antioxidant system includes ascorbic acid (VC), reduced glutathione (GSH), α-tocopherol (VE), etc., which can directly remove ROS and reduce oxidative damage through its own redox reaction

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