Effects of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacterium C9 on the Growth， Development， and Medicinal Components of Safflower

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0017

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective This study aimed to investigate the phosphate-solubilizing characteristics of a highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere soil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), as well as its regulatory effects on safflower growth, accumulation of active components, and the rhizosphere microenvironment. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving sustainable and high-efficiency safflower cultivation. Method Rhizosphere soil of C. tinctorius was used to screen for dominant phosphate-solubilizing strains on inorganic phosphorus selective medium. The colonization ability of the selected strain C9 was evaluated using resistant strain markers. The strain was further characterized by physiological and biochemical analysis, phosphate solubilization assays, growth curve fitting, and 16S rDNA molecular identification. Pot experiments were conducted using three safflower varieties with white, yellow, and red flowers. Bacterial fertilizer was applied via root irrigation, and plant biomass, major active components in the florets, physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil, and plant growth-promoting indexes were dynamically monitored. Result A highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacterium, designated C9, was isolated from safflower rhizosphere soil and identified as the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Strain Rif-C9 showed strong solubilizing activity against calcium phosphate and zinc phosphate, and the amount of phosphate solubilized was negatively correlated with a decrease in culture medium pH. Pot experiments demonstrated that strain Rif-C9 stably colonized the safflower rhizosphere and significantly promoted the growth of all three flower-color varieties (white, yellow, and red). Specifically, the number of effective fruiting heads per plant increased by 28.24%, 37.36%, and 26.98%, respectively. Meanwhile, the contents of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in the florets increased by 51.5%, 34.7%, and 13.4%, and the contents of kaempferol (KF) increased by 183.3%, 300.0%, and 133.3%, respectively, for the white, yellow, and red flower varieties. Application of the Rif-C9-based bacterial fertilizer led to a decrease in rhizosphere soil pH and significant increases in total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus contents by 7.64%–18.56%, 15.74%–29.94%, and 4.34%–8.32%, respectively. Furthermore, strain Rif-C9 was capable of secreting indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which synergistically improved the rhizosphere microecology, thereby promoting safflower growth and the accumulation of active components. Conclusion P. fluorescens Rif-C9 possesses highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing capacity. It significantly promotes safflower growth and development, enhances the content of medicinal components, and improves soil fertility by acidifying the rhizosphere microenvironment, releasing soluble phosphorus, and secreting IAA.

Key words: phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere soil, safflower, Pseudomonas fluorescens, growth promotion, active components, rhizosphere colonization, soil fertility, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA)

ZHAO Ya, FEIRUOLA Palihati, WEN Xin-rong, MA Wei, SUN Ke-xin, QIN Shu-wei, SUN Bao-ming, LIU Yue, CAO Ai-ping. Effects of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacterium C9 on the Growth， Development， and Medicinal Components of Safflower[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(9): 248-261.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 Solubility index of phosphate solubilizing bacteria

菌株 Strain	D （cm）	d （cm）	D/d
C1	1.750	1.033	1.705±0.161cde
C2	2.15	0.783	2.748±0.163b
C3	1.367	1.133	1.206±0.028h
C4	1.283	1.117	1.150±0.028h
C5	1.700	0.950	1.792±0.084c
C6	1.683	1.000	1.704±0.179cde
C7	1.817	1.033	1.761±0.068cd
C8	1.883	1.117	1.691±0.095de
C9	2.183	0.683	3.198±0.095a
C10	1.250	0.933	1.341±0.045gh
C11	1.800	1.167	1.544±0.046ef
C12	1.717	1.150	1.495±0.069fg
C13	1.850	1.133	1.634±0.049de
C15	1.250	0.967	1.293±0.027gh

Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of strains C9 and Rif-C9A, D: Phosphate-solubilizing halo. B, E: Colony morphology. C, F: Gram staining (100×)

Table 2 Physiological and biochemical characteristics of phosphate-solubilizing strains

项目 Item	C9	Rif-C9
兼性需氧 Facultative aerobic	+	+
革兰氏染色 Gram staining	-	-
接触酶试验 Catalase test	+	+
甲基红试验 Methyl red test	-	-
V-P试验 V-P test	-	-
脲酶试验Urease test	-	-
产IAA试验 IAA production test	+	+
产吲哚试验 Indole production test	-	-
色氨酸脱氨酶 Tryptophan deaminase	-	-
淀粉水解 Hydrolysis of starch	-	-
明胶液化 Gelatin liquefaction	-	-
产H₂S试验 H₂S production test	-	-

Fig. 2 Growth characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of strains C9 and Rif-C9A: Growth curves of strains C9 and Rif-C9. B: Phylogenetic tree of strain C9. Bootstrap values (based on 1 000 replicates) greater than 50% are shown at the nodes

Fig. 3 Soluble phosphorus content and pH value in different insoluble phosphorus compound culture mediaSignificant differences were determined by Duncan’s new multiple range test. Different letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05. The same below

Fig. 4 Colonization ability of strain Rif-C9 in the rhizosphere of safflower with different flower colorsW: White; Y: yellow; R: red. The same below

Fig. 5 Impact of strain Rif-C9 on the growth and development of safflowerA‒D: Agronomic traits of safflower at 14, 28, 80 d and flowering stage after inoculation with strain Rif-C9

Fig. 6 Effect of strain Rif-C9 on the active components of safflower filaments with three flower colorsA‒C: Filament morphology, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and kaempferol (KF) contents of white safflower. D‒F: Filament morphology, HSYA and KF contents of yellow safflower. G‒I: Filament morphology, HSYA and KF contents of red safflower. * indicates significant correlation (* P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001, **** P<0.000 1)

Fig. 7 Effect of strain Rif-C9 on the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil of safflower with three flower colors

Fig. 8 Dynamic changes in soluble phosphorus content and pH in the culture medium of phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strainsA: Dynamic changes in soluble phosphorus content in NBRIP culture medium of a phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain. B: Dynamic changes in pH in NBRIP culture medium of a phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain. C: Linear relationship between soluble phosphorus content and pH in NBRIP culture medium. * indicated significant correlation (P<0.000 1)

Fig. 9 IAA secretion of strain C9 and Rif-C9

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