Ecological Monitoring of Pit Mud in Yibin Strong-fragrance Baijiu-producing Region

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-1406

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the reasonable index system of pit mud ecological monitoring in Yibin strong-fragrance Baijiu region, 32 samples were gathered from 6 Baijiu factories with similar process and raw materials. The significant difference in the sensory quality of Baijiu from these pits was distinguished, and the physicochemical indexes, the contents of main organic acids and bacterial flora of these pit muds were detected and the relationship between these indexes and flavor substances or flavor characteristics of Baijiu were analyzed. It was found that the pit mud in Yibin Baijiu region showed following characteristics: pH was about（4.66±1.43）, the titrated acid was about（1.04±0.75）mmol NaOH/10 g, the conductivity was about（711±321）μs/cm, the calcium ion content was about（32.6±67.0）mg/kg, the iron ion content was about（20.7±24.8）mg/kg, the available nitrogen content was about（97.1±42.4）mg/kg, the available phosphorus content was about （137±60）mg/kg, and the available potassium content was about（275±122）mg/kg, the contents of caproic acid, acetic acid, ethyl caproate, propionic acid, hexyl caproate and butyric acid calculated by 2-ethylbutyric acid were about（6.49±2.84）,（0.04±0.05）,（1.15±1.07）,（0.04±0.05）,（0.97±0.98）and（0.20±0.13）g/100 g respectively, and Caproiciproducens, Syntrophaceticus, Syntrophomonas, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Sedimentibacter were dominant bacterial genera. The pit muds with good sensory quality of Baijiu had the following common characteristics: the pH was moderately high to about（6.17±1.57）, and the acidity was moderately low to about（1.14±0.92）mmol NaOH/10 g; the contents of hexyl caproate in the pit mud that produces high-quality Baijiu tended to be higher, and the content of butyric acid tended to be lower; the abundance of Caproiciproducens, Caloramatoraceae, Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales tended to be higher, the abundance of Sporosarcina tended to be lower. The results showed that the indexes of pit mud, such as pH, acidity, conductivity, calcium ion content, iron ion content, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, main organic acids and caproate ester content, and the abundance of dominant bacteria, can reflect the ecological status of pit mud from different aspects, and suitable for ecological monitoring indicators of pit mud in Yibin strong-fragrance Baijiu region.

Key words: pit mud, Yibin strong-fragrance Baijiu region, physical and chemical indexes, organic acids, bacteria flora, flavor, ecological monitoring

YOU Ling, JIAN Xiao-ping, FAN Fang-yong, YANG Zhi, WANG Tao. Ecological Monitoring of Pit Mud in Yibin Strong-fragrance Baijiu-producing Region[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(7): 254-265.

Figures/Tables 14

References 24

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企业Factory	样品数量Number of samples	产区Region	窖池基本情况Information of the pit
G	窖泥：15 对应原酒：15 Pit mud: 15 Corresponding baijiu: 15	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄37年Continuous fermented for 37 years: G1134、G1136、G14717、G14817、G1156、G1165、G21339、G26、G234、G311、G328 窖龄22年Continuous fermented for 22 years: G2430、G21521、G21621、G21622
J	窖泥：6 对应原酒：6 Pit mud: 6 Corresponding baijiu: 6	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄8年Continuous fermented for 8 years: J115130、J214427、J49226、J410332、J81423、J82124
Y	窖泥：3 对应原酒：3 Pit mud: 3 Corresponding baijiu: 3	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄44年Continuous fermented for 44 years: Y114、Y16、Y18
T	窖泥：2 对应原酒：2 Pit mud: 2 Corresponding baijiu: 2	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄37年Continuous fermented for 37 years: T1985 窖龄5年Continuous fermented for 5 years：T2017
L	窖泥：1 对应原酒：1 Pit mud: 1 Corresponding baijiu: 1	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄5年，机械化Continuous fermented for 5 year, and mechanization: L56
C	窖泥：5 对应原酒：5 Pit mud: 5 Corresponding baijiu: 5	成都 Chengdu	窖龄11年Continuous fermented for 5 years: C1、C2、C3、C4 and C5

企业Factory	样品数量Number of samples	产区Region	窖池基本情况Information of the pit
G	窖泥：15 对应原酒：15 Pit mud: 15 Corresponding baijiu: 15	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄37年Continuous fermented for 37 years: G1134、G1136、G14717、G14817、G1156、G1165、G21339、G26、G234、G311、G328 窖龄22年Continuous fermented for 22 years: G2430、G21521、G21621、G21622
J	窖泥：6 对应原酒：6 Pit mud: 6 Corresponding baijiu: 6	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄8年Continuous fermented for 8 years: J115130、J214427、J49226、J410332、J81423、J82124
Y	窖泥：3 对应原酒：3 Pit mud: 3 Corresponding baijiu: 3	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄44年Continuous fermented for 44 years: Y114、Y16、Y18
T	窖泥：2 对应原酒：2 Pit mud: 2 Corresponding baijiu: 2	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄37年Continuous fermented for 37 years: T1985 窖龄5年Continuous fermented for 5 years：T2017
L	窖泥：1 对应原酒：1 Pit mud: 1 Corresponding baijiu: 1	宜宾 Yibin	窖龄5年，机械化Continuous fermented for 5 year, and mechanization: L56
C	窖泥：5 对应原酒：5 Pit mud: 5 Corresponding baijiu: 5	成都 Chengdu	窖龄11年Continuous fermented for 5 years: C1、C2、C3、C4 and C5

窖泥分类 Levels of pid mud	钙离子Ca²⁺ /（mg·kg^-1）	铁离子Fe³⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	速效氮Available N /（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷Available P /（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available K /（mg·kg^-1）	pH	酸度 TA/（mmolNaOH·10 g^-1）	电导率Conductivity /（μs·cm^-1）
一类Level 1	21.2±7.5	18.5±7.2	79.7±9.6	119±20	228±36	6.17±1.57	1.14±0.92	945±517
二类Level 2	17.7±12.3	16.3±15.9	88.8±48.1	126±71	249±136	4.84±2.03	1.68±1.50	643±292
三类Level 3	52.5±98.7	28.5±32.2	100.0±47.8	139±66	280±136	4.95±1.50	2.58±3.10	759±367
四类Level 4	16.4±10.7	10.7±11.7	83.4±42.1	118±61	242±129	4.03±0.68	3.10±1.66	859±204
均值Average	31.0±61.7	20.3±22.8	91.1±43.0	128±61	257±123	4.92±1.66	2.18±2.24	758±342

窖泥分类 Levels of pid mud	钙离子Ca²⁺ /（mg·kg^-1）	铁离子Fe³⁺/（mg·kg^-1）	速效氮Available N /（mg·kg^-1）	速效磷Available P /（mg·kg^-1）	速效钾Available K /（mg·kg^-1）	pH	酸度 TA/（mmolNaOH·10 g^-1）	电导率Conductivity /（μs·cm^-1）
一类Level 1	21.2±7.5	18.5±7.2	79.7±9.6	119±20	228±36	6.17±1.57	1.14±0.92	945±517
二类Level 2	17.7±12.3	16.3±15.9	88.8±48.1	126±71	249±136	4.84±2.03	1.68±1.50	643±292
三类Level 3	52.5±98.7	28.5±32.2	100.0±47.8	139±66	280±136	4.95±1.50	2.58±3.10	759±367
四类Level 4	16.4±10.7	10.7±11.7	83.4±42.1	118±61	242±129	4.03±0.68	3.10±1.66	859±204
均值Average	31.0±61.7	20.3±22.8	91.1±43.0	128±61	257±123	4.92±1.66	2.18±2.24	758±342

窖泥分类 Level of pid mud	己酸 Caproic acid	乙酸 Acetic acid	己酸乙酯 Ethyl caproate	丙酸 Propionic acid	己酸己酯 Hexyl caproate	丁酸 Butyrate
一类Level 1	6.53±5.06	0.06±0.11	1.54±2.08	0.10±0.13	1.18±1.69	0.16±0.10
二类Level 2	5.73±3.30	0.04±0.03	1.08±0.90	0.04±0.03	1.25±1.02	0.21±0.14
三类Level 3	5.22±2.98	0.02±0.03	0.73±0.84	0.02±0.01	0.46±0.55	0.17±0.16
四类Level 4	5.98±3.60	0.04±0.04	0.95±0.88	0.01±0.00	0.62±0.59	0.20±0.11
均值Average	5.68±3.32	0.04±0.05	0.99±1.05	0.03±0.04	0.85±0.95	0.19±0.13