真菌黑色素研究现状与产业应用

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0562

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

天然黑色素是一种由生物细胞合成并分泌的多羟基吲哚或多羟基酚类聚合物,具有溶于碱而不溶于水和其他有机溶剂的特性,在各种动物、植物和微生物中广泛存在。当前研究已表明,天然真菌黑色素具有多种生物活性,其在多个领域均有广泛应用,是一种重要的生物材料与资源。本文综述了真菌黑色素的分类、结构、合成途径、理化性质及生物活性等研究现状,指出真菌黑色素在生产应用中具有极大的潜力和价值;进一步通过综合比较浸提法、超声波辅助提取法、超声波-微波辅助提取法和酶-超声波协同提取法等4种真菌黑色素制备方法,为产业上高效制取真菌黑色素提供借鉴;最后,归纳总结了近年来国内外对真菌黑色素在农业、工业、医药等产业上的开发应用现状,讨论了真菌黑色素在产业应用上的意义及存在的问题,以期为推动我国真菌黑色素产业应用与发展方向提供借鉴。

关键词: 真菌黑色素, 种类, 来源, 黑色素提取, 生物活性, 应用

Abstract:

Natural melanin is a polyhydroxyindole or polyhydroxyphenol polymer synthesized and secreted by biological cells,which is soluble in alkali but insoluble in water and other organic solvents,and is widely found in various animals,plants and microorganisms. Current researches have shown that there are a variety of biological activities in natural fungal melanin,and it is an important biological material and resource with a wide range of applications in many fields. This paper reviews the current status of research on the classification,structure,synthesis pathway,physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal melanin,and points out that fungal melanin has great potential and value in production applications. Furthermore,by comprehensively comparing four fungal melanin preparation methods,including extraction by leaching,ultrasonic-assisted extraction,ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction and enzyme-ultrasonic synergistic extraction,a reference for the efficient production of fungal melanin is provided. Finally,it summarizes the current situation of the development and application of fungal melanin in agriculture,industry,medicine and other industries at home and abroad in recent years,and discusses the significance and issues of fungal melanin in industrial application. This paper provides reference for promoting the application and development direction of fungal melanin industry in China.

Key words: fungal melanin, species, source, melanin extraction, biological activity, application

薛帆正, 黄海辰, 吴福泉, 李晓敏, 吴小平, 傅俊生. 真菌黑色素研究现状与产业应用[J]. 生物技术通报, 2021, 37(11): 32-41.

XUE Fan-zheng, HUANG Hai-chen, WU Fu-quan, LI Xiao-min, WU Xiao-ping, FU Jun-sheng. Research Status and Industrial Application of Fungal Melanin[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(11): 32-41.

图/表 4

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黑色素种类 Melanin types	来源 Sources	合成途径 Synthetic pathway
真黑色素 Eumelanin	细菌、真菌、动物 Bacteria,fungi and animals	L-DOPA途径 L-DOPA pathway
棕黑色素 Phaeomelanin	细菌、动物 Bacteria and animals	L-DOPA途径 L-DOPA pathway
异黑色素 Allomelanin	细菌、真菌、植物 Bacteria,fungi and plants	DHN途径等 DHN pathway etc.

黑色素种类 Melanin types	来源 Sources	合成途径 Synthetic pathway
真黑色素 Eumelanin	细菌、真菌、动物 Bacteria,fungi and animals	L-DOPA途径 L-DOPA pathway
棕黑色素 Phaeomelanin	细菌、动物 Bacteria and animals	L-DOPA途径 L-DOPA pathway
异黑色素 Allomelanin	细菌、真菌、植物 Bacteria,fungi and plants	DHN途径等 DHN pathway etc.

菌名 Fungus name	属名 Generic name	黑色素类别 Category of melanin
短梗霉 Aureobasidium	短梗霉属 Aureobasidiu	真黑色素Eumelanin^[22]
桦褐孔菌 Inonotus obliquus	孔菌属 Laetiporus	真黑色素Eumelanin^[23]
黑木耳 Auricularia auricula	木耳属 Auricularia	3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸（DOPA）类黑色素^[24] 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine（DOPA）type of melanin^[24]
辛格粒毛盘菌YM296 Synge lachnumYM296	粒毛盘菌属 Lachnum	哚型棕黑色素Dole-type phaeomelanin^[25]
构巢曲霉菌 Aspergillus nidulans	曲霉属 Aspergillus	DOPA类黑色素DOPA type of melanin^[26]
禾谷镰孢菌 Fusarium graminearum	镰孢菌属 Fusarium	脱氧鸟苷黑色素Deoxyguanosine melanin^[27]
双孢菌 Agaricus bacteria	伞菌属 Agaricus	GHB^-、PAP^-两种异黑色素^[28] GHB^-,PAP^-two kinds of allomelanin^[28]
粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus	纤孔菌属 Inonotus	二羟基苯丙氨酸（DOPA）类黑色素^[29] Dihydroxyphenylalanine（DOPA）type of melanin^[29]

菌名 Fungus name	属名 Generic name	黑色素类别 Category of melanin
短梗霉 Aureobasidium	短梗霉属 Aureobasidiu	真黑色素Eumelanin^[22]
桦褐孔菌 Inonotus obliquus	孔菌属 Laetiporus	真黑色素Eumelanin^[23]
黑木耳 Auricularia auricula	木耳属 Auricularia	3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸（DOPA）类黑色素^[24] 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine（DOPA）type of melanin^[24]
辛格粒毛盘菌YM296 Synge lachnumYM296	粒毛盘菌属 Lachnum	哚型棕黑色素Dole-type phaeomelanin^[25]
构巢曲霉菌 Aspergillus nidulans	曲霉属 Aspergillus	DOPA类黑色素DOPA type of melanin^[26]
禾谷镰孢菌 Fusarium graminearum	镰孢菌属 Fusarium	脱氧鸟苷黑色素Deoxyguanosine melanin^[27]
双孢菌 Agaricus bacteria	伞菌属 Agaricus	GHB^-、PAP^-两种异黑色素^[28] GHB^-,PAP^-two kinds of allomelanin^[28]
粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus	纤孔菌属 Inonotus	二羟基苯丙氨酸（DOPA）类黑色素^[29] Dihydroxyphenylalanine（DOPA）type of melanin^[29]