几丁质酶在农作物病虫害生物防治中的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0520

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

病虫害严重影响农作物的品质、产量和安全。生物防治作为一种绿色、安全、有效防控病虫害的技术方法越来越受到人们关注。几丁质酶（EC 3.2.1.14）是一类广泛存在于微生物和植物中的糖苷水解酶，可有效降解病原真菌细胞壁、昆虫及线虫体壁中的几丁质，抑制病原真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长，以及昆虫和线虫的发育，在农作物病虫害生物防治中具有重要作用和广泛的应用前景。本文综述了几丁质酶的种类和来源、生防机理，以及基于几丁质酶的转基因技术在作物病虫害防治中的应用等方面的进展，以期为几丁质酶的进一步研究和应用提供信息参考。

关键词: 农作物, 植物病虫害, 生物防治

Abstract:

Pests and diseases seriously affect the quality, yield and safety of crops. As a green, safe and effective method to control pests and diseases, biological control has attracted more and more attention. Chitinase（EC 3.2.1.14）is a kind of glycosylated hydrolase widely existing in microorganisms and plants. It can effectively degrade the chitin in cell walls of pathogenic fungi, insects and nematodes causing diseases and insect pests, and inhibit the spore germination and mycelium growth of pathogenic fungi, and the development of insects and nematodes, which has an important role and application prospect in the biological control of crop diseases and insect pests. This paper reviewed the types and sources of chitinases, the biological control mechanism and control strategy of chitinase, and the application of transgenic technology based on chitinase in crop pest control，aiming to provide information for further investigation and application of chitinase in the fields of crop production, pests and diseases control.

Key words: crops, plant diseases and insect pests, biological control

马赛买, 李同源, 马燕军, 韩富军, 彭海, 孔维宝. 几丁质酶在农作物病虫害生物防治中的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2023, 39(10): 29-40.

MA Sai-mai, LI Tong-yuan, MA Yan-jun, HAN Fu-jun, PENG Hai, KONG Wei-bao. Research Progress in Chitinase Involving in the Biocontrol of Crop Diseases and Pests[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(10): 29-40.

图/表 4

图1 黏质沙雷氏菌18家族几丁质酶的结构概述图中显示了ChiA、ChiB的晶体结构和ChiC的催化结构域，以及ChiC中FnIII和CBM5/ 12结构域同系物的NMR结构；螺旋为深蓝色，β股为青色；催化酸（Glu）的侧链显示为黄色

Fig. 1 Structural overview of the family 18 chitinases of S. marcescens The picture shows the crystal structures of ChiA, ChiB and the catalytic domain of ChiC, and the NMR structures of homologues of the FnⅢ and the CBM5/12 domain in ChiC. Helices are colored dark blue, β-strands are colored cyan. The side chain of the catalytic acid（a Glu）is shown in yellow

图2 NbchiA的三维模型 A：NbchiA模型的整体折叠（橙色）和NbchiA与S. coelicor几丁质酶单体（紫色）的叠加；B：NbchiA模型的分子表面，所有与催化和结合相关的残基都位于一个口袋中

Fig. 2 Three-dimensional model of NbchiA A: Cartoon representation of the overall fold of NbchiA model（orange）and superimposition of NbchiA and S. coelicolor chitinase（purple）monomers. B: Molecular surface of the NbchiA model, all of the residues related to catalysis and binding are located in a pocket

图3 真菌细胞壁的一般结构

Fig. 3 General structure of the fungal cell wall

图4 昆虫体内存在几丁质层（角质层和肠道）

Fig. 4 Presence of chitin layers（cuticle and gut）in case of insects

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