哈茨木霉M408的分离鉴定、生物学特性及对番茄早疫病的生防效果

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0306

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的茄链格孢（Alternaria solani）引起的番茄早疫病是番茄的主要病害，从番茄-西葫芦轮作后的西葫芦根际土中分离并鉴定一株对番茄早疫病具有较好拮抗作用的生防菌株。方法采用形态学观察、分子生物学技术对拮抗菌株进行鉴定；对其最适碳源、温度、光照及pH值等生物学指标进行试验；采用室内试验及大田防效试验评价其生防效果。结果分离到拮抗番茄早疫病的一株优良菌株M408，经形态学观察及ITS序列鉴定菌株M408为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum），该菌株营养生长和产孢的最适碳源都是葡萄糖；最适生长温度为27 ℃；全黑暗条件下菌丝生长速度最快，全光照条件下产孢数量最大，最适pH为6。室内平板对峙培养法测定该菌株对番茄早疫病抑菌率为100%，对番茄早疫病的拮抗指数达Ⅰ级。孢子浓度10⁸、10⁷、10⁶、10⁵ CFU/mL的M408原菌粉菌剂溶液对番茄早疫病的抑菌率分别为100%、100%、98.51%、93.43%，均高于化学药剂苯甲·醚菌酯（325 g/L）对番茄早疫病的抑菌率89.55%。大田防效试验中，第二次喷药后7 d，哈茨木霉M408原菌粉菌剂溶液对番茄早疫病的防治效果较为明显，喷施孢子浓度10⁸、10⁷、10⁶、10⁵ CFU /mL的哈茨木霉原菌粉M408菌剂溶液对番茄早疫病的防治效果分别为89.44%、87.07%、84.56%和81.01%，均高于喷施325 g/L苯甲·醚菌酯的相对防效76.37%。结论分离自番茄-西葫芦轮作后的西葫芦根际土中的菌株哈茨木霉M408，对番茄早疫病具有良好的生防效果，是有较好生防潜力的真菌资源，具有进一步开发利用的价值。

关键词: 哈茨木霉M408, 分离鉴定, 生物学特性, 番茄早疫病, 拮抗作用

Abstract:

Objective Tomato early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a main disease of tomatoes, a biocontrol strain with good antagonistic effect against tomato early blight was isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil of zucchini after tomato-zucchini rotation. Method Antagonistic strains were identified using morphological observation and molecular biology techniques. Its optimal biological indicators such as carbon source, temperature, light, and pH value were conducted. Its biocontrol effects were evaluated through indoor confrontation and field control experiments. Result A superior strain M408 was screened to antagonize tomato early blight, and was identified as Trichoderma harzianum through morphological observation and ITS sequence analysis, the optimal carbon source for both nutritional growth and spore production was glucose; the optimal growth temperature was 27 ℃; the mycelial growth rate was the fastest in total darkness, and the spore production was the highest under full light, and the optimal pH was 6. In the vitro plate confrontation culture test, the inhibition rate of strain 408 against Alternaria solani was 100%, and the antagonistic index of strain M408 against A. solani reached level I. The inhibition rates of M408 strain original spore powder agent with spore concentration of 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶, and 10⁵CFU/mL against A. solani W5 were 100%, 100%, 98.51%, and 93.43%, respectively, which were all higher than the inhibition rate of 89.55% of the chemical fungicide 325 g/L difenoconazole azoxystrobin against A. solani W5. In the field efficacy test, 7 d after the second spray, the biocontrol effect of T. harzianum M408 on early blight of tomato was obvious. The control effects of T. harzianum M408 strain original spore powder agent with spore concentration of 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶and 10⁵ CFU/mL on tomato early blight were 89.44%, 87.07%, 84.56% and 81.01%, respectively, which were all higher than the relative control effect of 76.37% of 325 g/L difenoconazole azoxystrobin. Conclusion The strain of T. harzianum M408 is isolated from the rhizosphere soil of zucchini after tomato-zucchini rotation, it has a good biocontrol effect on early blight of tomato. It is a fungal resource with good biocontrol potential and has the value of further development and utilization.

Key words: Trichoderma harzianum M408, isolation and identification, biological characteristics, tomato early blight, antagonistic activity

苏秀敏, 韩文清, 王佼, 李鹏, 王秋兰, 李万星, 曹晋军. 哈茨木霉M408的分离鉴定、生物学特性及对番茄早疫病的生防效果[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(9): 277-288.

SU Xiu-min, HAN Wen-qing, WANG Jiao, LI Peng, WANG Qiu-lan, LI Wan-xing, CAO Jin-jun. Isolation， Identification， Biological Characteristics and Biocontrol Effects of Trichoderma harzianum M408 against Tomato Early Blight[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(9): 277-288.

图/表 8

图1 M408菌株的形态学特征A：菌落形态（a： 24 h背面图；b-g：分别为48、72、96、120、144、168 h正面图）；B-C：分生孢子梗；D：孢子形态；标尺中衸表示微米（μm）A: Colony morphology (a: Rear view at 24 h; b-g: front view at 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h); B-C: conidiogenous hypha; D: spore morphology. In the ruler, 衸 (Pronounced as jie) refers to micrometers (μm)

Fig. 1 Morphological features of M408

图2 供试菌株M408电泳检测结果

Fig. 2 Electrophoresis analysis result of test strain M408

图3 基于 ITS 序列构建的M408系统发育树

Fig. 3 M408 phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequence

图4 碳源、温度、光照类型和pH对菌株哈茨木霉M408菌丝生长和产孢的影响图中不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05），下同

Fig. 4 Effects of carbon source, temperature, light type and pH on mycelial growth and sporulation of strain T. harzianum M408Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences (P<0.05), the same below

图5 哈茨木霉M408菌丝与茄链格孢菌W5菌丝对峙培养的菌落形态（1-7 d）

Fig. 5 Colony morphology of T. harzianum M408 and A. solani W5 in confrontation culture (1-7 d)

表1 哈茨木霉M408原菌粉菌剂对茄链格孢菌（W5）的室内抑菌率测定结果（7 d）

Table 1 Inhibition rates of T. harzianum M408 strain original spore powder agent on A. solani (W5) (7 d)

药剂 Agent	浓度 Concentration	抑制率 Inhibition （%）
M408原菌粉菌剂 M408 strain original spore powder agent	10⁸ CFU/mL	100±0a
	10⁷ CFU/mL	100±0a
	10⁶ CFU/mL	98.51±0b
	10⁵ CFU/mL	93.43±0.365c
325 g/L苯甲·醚菌酯悬浮剂 325 g/L difenoconazole azoxystrobin SC	1.0 g/L	89.55±0d
清水 Water	0	---

图6 哈茨木霉M408原菌粉菌剂对茄链格孢菌W5菌株抑制效果（7 d）从左到右依次为孢子浓度108、107、106、105 CFU/mL的哈茨木霉M408原菌粉菌剂处理，1.0 g/L的325 g/L苯甲·醚菌酯悬浮剂处理，空白CK

Fig. 6 Inhibitory effects of T. harzianum M408 original spore powder agent on Alternaria solani (W5) (7 d)From left to right, spore concentration are 108, 107, 106, and 105 CFU/mL T. harzianum M408 original spore powder agent, 1.0 g/L of 325 g/L difenoconazole azoxystrobin SC, blank CK

表2 哈茨木霉M408原菌粉菌剂对番茄早疫病大田防治效果

Table 2 Field control effect of M408 strain original spore powder agent on tomato early blight

药剂 Agent	浓度 Concentration	药前病情指数 Disease index before application	第一次药后7 d 7 d after the first application		第二次药后7 d 7 d after the second application
药剂 Agent	浓度 Concentration	药前病情指数 Disease index before application	病情指数 Disease index	相对防效 Relative prevention effect （%）	病情指数 Disease index	相对防效 Relative prevention effect （%）
M408原菌粉菌剂 M408 strain original spore powder agent	10⁸ CFU/mL	1.19	0.87	87.30±2.01a	2.07	89.44±0.55a
	10⁷ CFU/mL	1.33	1.15	85.57±1.64ab	2.85	87.07±0.93ab
	10⁶ CFU/mL	1.37	1.42	82.51±1.30ab	3.48	84.56±1.00b
	10⁵ CFU/mL	1.22	1.48	79.71±2.75bc	3.85	81.01±0.67c
325 g/L苯甲·醚菌酯悬浮剂 325 g/L Difenoconazole azoxystrobin SC	1.0 g/L	1.26	1.87	75.63±1.86c	4.93	76.37±1.98d
清水 Water	0	1.33	8.01	--	27.59	--

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