人造淀粉生物合成技术：进展、挑战与展望

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0941

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人造淀粉生物合成是指不依赖于传统的植物光合作用，通过化学与生物催化耦合、代谢途径重构等技术，将二氧化碳和纤维素等原料转化为淀粉的创新过程。目前，二氧化碳合成淀粉实现了全新非自然固碳途径的颠覆性突破，纤维素转化淀粉在农业废弃物利用上取得进展，酵母细胞合成淀粉在定制化生产方面展现潜力，但三条技术路径均面临成本高、效率低、规模化难的共性问题。本文综述了二氧化碳合成淀粉的技术原理与成果、纤维素转化淀粉的路径与应用探索、酵母细胞合成淀粉的改造机制与潜力，讨论了不同技术路线的优势、局限及共性挑战。未来需依托酶工程与合成生物学创新，攻克成本、效率与规模化瓶颈，推动人造淀粉在粮食安全保障和碳中和等领域的产业化应用。

关键词: 人造淀粉, 生物合成, 二氧化碳, 纤维素, 酵母

Abstract:

Artificial starch biosynthesis refers to an innovative process that converts raw materials such as carbon dioxide and cellulose into starch through technologies including the coupling of chemical and biological catalysis, metabolic pathway reconstruction, etc., independent of traditional plant photosynthesis. Currently, the synthesis of starch from carbon dioxide has achieved a groundbreaking breakthrough in developing a brand-new unnatural carbon sequestration pathway; the conversion of cellulose into starch has made progress in the utilization of agricultural waste; and the synthesis of starch using yeast cells has shown potential in customized production. However, all three technical pathways face common issues of high cost, low efficiency, and difficulty in scaling up. This article reviews the technical principles and achievements of carbon dioxide-based starch synthesis, the pathways and application exploration of cellulose-to-starch conversion, as well as the modification mechanisms and potential of yeast cell-based starch synthesis. It also discusses the advantages, limitations, and common challenges of different technical routes. In the future, it is necessary to rely on innovations in enzyme engineering and synthetic biology to overcome the bottlenecks of cost, efficiency, and scaling up, and promote the industrial application of artificial starch in fields such as food security guarantee and carbon neutrality realization.

Key words: artificial starch, biosynthesis, CO?, cellulose, yeast

徐欣欣, 李彦君, 张伟, 黄火清, 罗会颖, 姚斌. 人造淀粉生物合成技术：进展、挑战与展望[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(11): 22-27.

XU Xin-xin, LI Yan-jun, ZHANG Wei, HUANG Huo-qing, LUO Hui-ying, YAO Bin. Artificial Starch Biosynthesis Technology： Progress， Challenges， and Prospects[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(11): 22-27.

图/表 1

图1 淀粉生物合成的4种代表性途径（Ⅰ）植物中的天然淀粉合成途径： CO₂在叶绿体中通过Calvin-Benson循环被固定，然后经由AGPase转化为ADP-葡萄糖，并在SS和SBE的作用下聚合生成直链淀粉和支链淀粉；（Ⅱ）人工无细胞化学-酶法CO₂合成淀粉途径： CO₂首先通过电化学还原生成甲醇，随后经逐步的酶促转化最终生成ADP-葡萄糖，作为直链淀粉和支链淀粉合成的直接前体；（Ⅲ）工程化酵母合成淀粉途径： CO₂衍生的乙酸通过TCA循环、乙醛酸旁路和糖异生代谢生成G-6-P，再经异源表达的AGPase、SS和SBE导入淀粉合成途径，最终在细胞内积累淀粉；（Ⅳ）玉米秸秆联产人造淀粉与单细胞蛋白的生物炼制体系：预处理的玉米秸秆经酶解生成纤维二糖，纤维二糖被磷酸化生成G-1-P，随后由αGP催化聚合形成人工直链淀粉；同时，葡萄糖被酿酒酵母利用生产微生物蛋白。RuBP：核酮糖-1，5-二磷酸；3-PGA：3-磷酸甘油酸；GAP：甘油醛-3-磷酸；F-6-P：果糖-6-磷酸；G-6-P：葡萄糖-6-磷酸；G-1-P：葡萄糖-1-磷酸；ADPG：腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖；DHA：二羟丙酮；DHAP：二羟丙酮磷酸；TCA cycle：三羧酸循环；OAA：草酰乙酸；α-KG：α-酮戊二酸；PEPCK：磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶；GNG：糖异生；SCP：单细胞蛋白；AGPase：ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶；SS：淀粉合成酶；SBE：淀粉分支酶；αGP：α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶

Fig. 1 Four representative pathways in starch biosynthesis(Ⅰ) Natural starch synthesis pathways in plants, where CO₂ is fixed through the Calvin-Benson cycle in chloroplasts, which are subsequently converted into ADP-glucose by AGPase and polymerized into amylose and amylopectin by SS and SBE. (Ⅱ) Artificial cell-free chemoenzymatic starch synthesis from CO₂, in which CO₂ is first reduced electrochemically to methanol, followed by stepwise enzymatic conversion to ADP-glucose, which serves as the direct precursor for amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis. (Ⅲ) Engineered yeast-mediated starch biosynthesis pathway, where CO₂-derived acetate is metabolized through the TCA cycle, glyoxylate shunt, and gluconeogenesis to generate glucose-6-phosphate, which is redirected via heterologously expressed AGPase, SS, and SBE for intracellular starch accumulation. (Ⅳ) Bio-refining system for co-production of artificial starch and SCP from corn stover. Pretreated corn stover is enzymatically hydrolyzed into cellobiose. Cellobiose is phosphorylated into G-1-P, which is then polymerized by αGP to generate synthetic amylose. Glucose is utilized by S. cerevisiae to produce microbial protein. RuBP: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate; 3-PGA: 3-phosphoglycerate; GAP: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; F-6-P: fructose-6-phosphate; G-6-P: glucose-6-phosphate; G-1-P: glucose-1-phosphate; ADPG: adenosine diphosphate glucose; DHA: dihydroxyacetone; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; TCA cycle: tricarboxylic acid cycle; OAA: oxaloacetate; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; GNG: gluconeogenesis; SCP: single-cell protein; AGPase: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; SS: starch synthase; SBE: starch branching enzyme; αGP: α-glucan phosphorylase.

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