基于杨木（Populus sp.）的二代燃料乙醇技术研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0121

生物技术通报 ›› 2023, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (9): 27-39.doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-0121

基于杨木（Populus sp.）的二代燃料乙醇技术研究进展

徐发迪¹(), 徐康¹, 孙东明¹, 李萌蕾¹, 赵建志¹^,²(), 鲍晓明¹()

1.齐鲁工业大学（山东省科学院）生物工程学院生物基材料与绿色造纸国家重点实验室，济南 250353
2.山东大学生命科学学院微生物技术国家重点实验室（微生物技术研究院），青岛 266237

收稿日期:2023-02-14 出版日期:2023-09-26 发布日期:2023-10-24
通讯作者: 赵建志，男，博士，副教授，研究方向：生物工程；E-mail: zhjzh2006@126.com；
鲍晓明，女，博士，教授，研究方向：生物工程；E-mail: baoxm@qlu.edu.cn
作者简介:徐发迪，男，硕士研究生，研究方向：生物工程；E-mail: xu_fadi@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFB1501401);山东省重点研发计划（重大科技创新工程）(2019JZZY010906);山东省技术创新引导计划项目(02055183);齐鲁工业大学（山东省科学院）生物基材料与绿色造纸国家重点实验室自主研究课题(ZZ20190313)

Research Progress in Second-generation Fuel Ethanol Technology Based on Poplar（Populus sp.）

XU Fa-di¹(), XU Kang¹, SUN Dong-ming¹, LI Meng-lei¹, ZHAO Jian-zhi¹^,²(), BAO Xiao-ming¹()

1. State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology（Shandong Academy of Sciences）, Jinan 250353
2. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology（Microbial Technology Institute）, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237

Received:2023-02-14 Published:2023-09-26 Online:2023-10-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

木质纤维素类生物质作为一种廉价且储量丰富的可再生原料，可通过预处理、酶解和微生物发酵等过程转化为纤维素燃料乙醇，近几十年来受到世界各国的广泛关注。杨木是一种人工广泛种植的速生硬木，主要用于造纸工业，而伴随产生大量枝桠等废弃物。因其富含纤维素和半纤维素组分，被认为是纤维素乙醇生产的优良木质纤维素原料。聚焦于杨木在纤维素乙醇生产中的应用，介绍了杨木的组成及结构特点，重点综述了杨木在预处理技术、预处理原料的酶解、微生物发酵等方面的研究进展。最后，归纳总结了限制杨木在纤维素乙醇应用中的技术障碍及困难，进而分析提出了相应解决对策并展望了其应用前景。

关键词: 杨木组分, 预处理, 酶解, 混合糖发酵, 酿酒酵母

Abstract:

As a cheap and abundant renewable raw material, lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into cellulosic fuel ethanol through pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation, etc., which has widely attracted attention in recent decades. Poplar is a kind of fast-growing hardwood that is widely artificially cultivated and is mainly used in papermaking industry. Poplar is considered as an excellent lignocellulosic material for the production of cellulosic ethanol due to its high contents in cellulose and hemicellulose components. The application of poplar in cellulosic ethanol production was focused on in this paper, including briefly introducing the composition and structural characteristics of poplar, and importantly overviewing the research progress of poplar in pretreatment technology, enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreatment raw materials and microbial fermentation and so on. Finally, the technical obstacles and difficulties restricting the application of poplar in cellulosic ethanol industry were summarized, and the corresponding countermeasures were analyzed and the application were prospected.

Key words: poplar component, pretreatment, enzymolysis, mixed sugar fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

徐发迪, 徐康, 孙东明, 李萌蕾, 赵建志, 鲍晓明. 基于杨木（Populus sp.）的二代燃料乙醇技术研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2023, 39(9): 27-39.

XU Fa-di, XU Kang, SUN Dong-ming, LI Meng-lei, ZHAO Jian-zhi, BAO Xiao-ming. Research Progress in Second-generation Fuel Ethanol Technology Based on Poplar（Populus sp.）[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(9): 27-39.

图/表 5

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种类Type	纤维素Cellulose/%	半纤维素Hemicellulose/%	木质素Lignin/%	参考文献References
狼尾草Pennisetum purpereum	35.24±0.38	25.12±3.74	21.51±1.33	[11]
菹草Curly-leaf pondweed	33.60±0.20	12.00±1.20	16.70±1.80	[10]
玉米秸秆Corn stover	37.19±0.26	19.20±0.02	16.63±0.08	[18]
玉米芯Corncob	32.70±0.72	28.54±0.85	13.91±0.66	[19]
小麦秸秆Wheat straw	40.60±0.50	24.80±0.50	18.20±0.50	[20]
松木Pine wood	47.36±0.20	16.48±0.27	25.16±0.20	[5]
杨木Poplar wood	44.00±0.50	18.40±0.10	23.00±0.60	[5]
杨木弃物Poplar waste	40.59±0.12	13.78±0.06	27.24±1.26	本实验室数据Our laboratory data

种类Type	纤维素Cellulose/%	半纤维素Hemicellulose/%	木质素Lignin/%	参考文献References
狼尾草Pennisetum purpereum	35.24±0.38	25.12±3.74	21.51±1.33	[11]
菹草Curly-leaf pondweed	33.60±0.20	12.00±1.20	16.70±1.80	[10]
玉米秸秆Corn stover	37.19±0.26	19.20±0.02	16.63±0.08	[18]
玉米芯Corncob	32.70±0.72	28.54±0.85	13.91±0.66	[19]
小麦秸秆Wheat straw	40.60±0.50	24.80±0.50	18.20±0.50	[20]
松木Pine wood	47.36±0.20	16.48±0.27	25.16±0.20	[5]
杨木Poplar wood	44.00±0.50	18.40±0.10	23.00±0.60	[5]
杨木弃物Poplar waste	40.59±0.12	13.78±0.06	27.24±1.26	本实验室数据Our laboratory data

预处理方式 Preprocessing method	试剂 Reagent	方法 Method	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages
稀酸Dilute acid	硫酸Sulphuric acid	酸法Acid process	对设备腐蚀性低、危险性小、操作简单、成本廉价、有效水解半纤维素	不具备木质素脱除能力、产生抑制物
蒸汽爆破Steam explosion	蒸馏水Distilled water	蒸汽爆破Steam explosion	预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	不具备木质素脱除能力、产生抑制物
稀碱Dilute alkali	氢氧化钠Sodium hydrate	碱法Alkaline process	预处理条件温和、不产生抑制物、能脱除少部分木质素	破坏能力较弱、纤维素和半纤维素损失、木质素脱除不彻底
低共熔溶剂Deep eutectic solvents	低共熔溶剂Deep eutectic solvents	离子液体Ionic liquid	预处理条件温和、不产生抑制物、能脱除部分木质素、可重复利用	半纤维素损失
碱性磺化-蒸汽爆破Alkaline sulfonation-steam explosion	硫酸钠、碳酸氢钠Sodium sulfate, baking soda	组合法Combination method	能脱除部分木质素、预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	产生抑制物
碱性氧化-蒸汽爆破Alkaline oxidation-steam explosion	碳酸氢钠Baking soda	组合法Combination method	能脱除部分木质素、预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	产生抑制物
稀酸-稀碱Dilute acid-alkali	硫酸、氢氧化钠Sulphuric acid, sodium hydrate	组合法Combination method	对设备腐蚀性低、危险性小、操作简单、成本廉价、有效水解半纤维素	纤维素损失、木质素脱除不彻底
乙酸-亚氯酸钠Acetic acid-sodium chlorite	乙酸、亚氯酸钠Acetic acid, sodium chlorite	组合法Combination method	操作简单、成本廉价、预处理条件温和、能脱除部分木质素、有效水解半纤维素	试剂本身具有一定毒性、产生抑制物

预处理方式 Preprocessing method	试剂 Reagent	方法 Method	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages
稀酸Dilute acid	硫酸Sulphuric acid	酸法Acid process	对设备腐蚀性低、危险性小、操作简单、成本廉价、有效水解半纤维素	不具备木质素脱除能力、产生抑制物
蒸汽爆破Steam explosion	蒸馏水Distilled water	蒸汽爆破Steam explosion	预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	不具备木质素脱除能力、产生抑制物
稀碱Dilute alkali	氢氧化钠Sodium hydrate	碱法Alkaline process	预处理条件温和、不产生抑制物、能脱除少部分木质素	破坏能力较弱、纤维素和半纤维素损失、木质素脱除不彻底
低共熔溶剂Deep eutectic solvents	低共熔溶剂Deep eutectic solvents	离子液体Ionic liquid	预处理条件温和、不产生抑制物、能脱除部分木质素、可重复利用	半纤维素损失
碱性磺化-蒸汽爆破Alkaline sulfonation-steam explosion	硫酸钠、碳酸氢钠Sodium sulfate, baking soda	组合法Combination method	能脱除部分木质素、预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	产生抑制物
碱性氧化-蒸汽爆破Alkaline oxidation-steam explosion	碳酸氢钠Baking soda	组合法Combination method	能脱除部分木质素、预处理时间短、可连续处理、有效水解半纤维素	产生抑制物
稀酸-稀碱Dilute acid-alkali	硫酸、氢氧化钠Sulphuric acid, sodium hydrate	组合法Combination method	对设备腐蚀性低、危险性小、操作简单、成本廉价、有效水解半纤维素	纤维素损失、木质素脱除不彻底
乙酸-亚氯酸钠Acetic acid-sodium chlorite	乙酸、亚氯酸钠Acetic acid, sodium chlorite	组合法Combination method	操作简单、成本廉价、预处理条件温和、能脱除部分木质素、有效水解半纤维素	试剂本身具有一定毒性、产生抑制物

因素Factor	分类Classification	特点Characteristic
酶体系Enzyme system	内切葡聚糖酶Endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase	随机劈开纤维素纤维内部的β-1,4糖苷键
	外切葡聚糖酶Exo-1,4-β-D-glucannase	从游离链末端依次切割纤维二糖单元
	β-葡萄糖苷酶β-1,4- glucosidase	水解纤维二糖释放葡萄糖单元
	木聚糖酶Xylanase	降解预处理未能解聚的半纤维素
	裂解多糖单加氧酶Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase	具有氧化裂解作用，破坏纤维素的结晶结构，提供更多的酶解结合位点
菌种选育Strain breeding	里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei	具有抗代谢抑制能力，生长环境要求较低，菌株安全无毒，酶组分易于提取I
菌种选育Strain breeding	青霉Penicillium	酶组分比较齐全，各酶组分之间的比例较为均衡
酶解方式 Enzymatic method	高固底物High solid loading	通过高固载量，提高水解液糖浓度
酶解方式 Enzymatic method	分批补料Fed-batch	具有较高的流动性，底物与纤维素酶接触更充分

基于杨木（Populus sp.）的二代燃料乙醇技术研究进展

Research Progress in Second-generation Fuel Ethanol Technology Based on Poplar（Populus sp.）

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方式Way	分类Classification	特点Characteristic
水解液脱毒Hydrolysate detoxication	化学法Chemical method	利用化学试剂，通过一次性加入，降低抑制物对发酵微生物的毒性
	物理法Physical method	利用抑制物特性，采用物理方法将其从水解液中进行分离
	组合法Combination method	结合化学法和物理法的优点，能够显著降低水解液的毒性
微生物定制Microbial customization	非理性改造Irrational transformation	通过诱变及适应性进化等非理性的方式获得突变微生物
微生物定制Microbial customization	理性改造Rational transformation	通过基因工程、代谢工程及合成生物学等技术对微生物进行理性改造
发酵方式选择Selection of fermentation mode	间歇发酵Intermittent fermentation	操作简单、不容易染菌、投资低、生产能力低、产品质量不稳定
	连续发酵Continuous fermentation	可长期连续进行、生产能力高、产品质量稳定、生产操作控制要求高、投资高、杂菌污染
	批式流加发酵Fed-batch fermentation	可长期连续进行、生产能力高、产品质量稳定、可解除营养物基质的抑制和产物反馈抑制、提高产物的转化率
发酵过程控制Fermentation process control	pH	有效提高发酵液发酵性能，缓解弱酸类抑制物毒性
	通气量Ventilatory capacity	控制菌体生长，使更多的可发酵性糖流向产物合成
	温度Temperature	影响酶反应的速率，影响微生物的代谢调控机制，影响发酵液的理化性质
	种子活化Strain activation	影响微生物发酵能力，影响产物产量和转化效率

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