基于启动子编辑的作物育种

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0787

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了应对人类对粮食的需求，基于重要基因编码区编辑以产生有利性状的研究不计其数。转录调控是控制基因表达的关键，包括作物重要的农艺性状的控制。顺式作用元件和反式作用因子之间的相互作用决定基因的时空表达模式和表达水平，重要的元件包括转录因子结合位点、增强子等在这个过程中发挥重要作用。其中启动子作为最大且最重要的顺式作用元件，对其进行改造从而改变相关基因的表达模式来创造作物有利性状是不同于编码区编辑育种的有效策略。目前，启动子编辑策略有两种应用的方式。其一是定向改造以生成确定的有利性状，其二是在特定的启动子区域内随机产生新的等位基因，根据表型进行选择，同时也产生新的变异资源。本文主要讨论了启动子编辑在作物中的应用，包括提高产量、改善品质以及增强对生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性，旨在关注农作物精准育种最新前沿，为启动子基因编辑技术的开发与应用提供研究思路和理论借鉴。

关键词: 启动子编辑, 顺式作用元件, 作物育种

Abstract:

To meet the growing demand for food from human being, the study on editing important gene-coding regions to produce beneficial traits is countless. Transcriptional regulation is crucial for controlling gene expression, including the control of important agronomic traits in crops. The interaction between cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors determines the spatiotemporal expression patterns and levels of genes, and transcription factor binding sites and enhancers etc. play an important role in those pathways. What's more, the promoter, as the largest and most important cis-acting element, can be modified to alter the expression patterns of target genes, and create beneficial traits in crops, which is an effective strategy different from coding region editing breeding. There are two applications of promoter editing strategies. One is directed modification to generate specific beneficial traits, and the other is to randomly generate new alleles within specific promoter regions, followed by phenotypic selection, also producing new genetic variation resources. In this review, we mainly discuss the application of promoter editing in crops, including increasing yield, improving quality, and enhancing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. It aims to focus on the cutting-edge precision breeding of crops, providing research ideas and theoretical references for the development and application of promoter gene editing technology.

Key words: promoter editing, cis-acting elements, crop breeding

张洁萍, 关跃峰. 基于启动子编辑的作物育种[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(10): 53-61.

ZHANG Jie-ping, GUAN Yue-feng. Crop Breeding Based on Promoter Editing[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(10): 53-61.

图/表 3

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作物 Crop		靶向基因 Target gene（s）	靶向区域确定 Determination of targeting region	植株表型 Plant phenotype	参考文献 Reference
水稻	Oryza sativa	IPA1	随机敲除	分蘖数平均增加50%，单株产量翻倍	[40]
水稻	O. sativa	D18	机器学习	株高与产量的连续变异性状	[41]
水稻	O. sativa	GS3	机器学习	百粒重的连续变异性状	[41]
玉米	Zea mays	CLE	组学信息	穗行数与行粒数的连续变异性状	[42]
番茄	Lycopersicon esculentum Miller	CLV3	随机敲除	果实大小连续变异性状	[43]
番茄	L. esculentum Miller	KLUH	自然变异区、顺式作用元件	果实重量增加6.3%-15.7%	[44]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	自然变异区	直链淀粉含量下降7.09%-11.50%	[45]
水稻	O. sativa	GS3	机器学习	直链淀粉含量下降的连续变异性状	[41]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	网站预测顺式作用元件	直链淀粉含量下降10.66%-14.85%	[46]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	网站预测顺式作用元件	直链淀粉含量下降的连续变异性状	[47]
水稻	O. sativa	SLG7	网站预测顺式作用元件	垩白粒率4.5%-10.0%	[48]
水稻	O. sativa	NAS2	网站预测顺式作用元件	锌含量增加0%-50%	[49]
番茄	L. esculentum Miller	ANT1	启动子替换	花青素含量增加，果实为紫色	[50]
水稻	O. sativa	Xa13	细菌光诱导元件	白叶枯病变面积减少90%，育性不变	[51]
水稻	O. sativa	SWEET11/13/14	EBE	白叶枯病变长度可减少94%	[52]
水稻	O. sativa	SWEET14	EBE	白叶枯病变长度可减少90%	[53]
水稻	O. sativa	SULTR3;6	EBE	细菌性条斑病长度可减少93%	[54]
水稻	O. sativa	CP12	启动子替换	除草剂抗性	[55]
葡萄柚	Citrus paradisi	LOB1	EBE	抗溃疡病菌	[56]
万金橙	Citrus sinensis Osbeck	LOB1	EBE	溃疡病变面积可减少90%	[57]
小麦	Triticum aestivum	ARGOS8	启动子替换	干旱条件下每亩增产136.08 kg	[58]
小麦	T. aestivum	VRN-A1	自然变异区、顺式作用元件	抽穗期缩短了2-3 d	[59]

作物 Crop		靶向基因 Target gene（s）	靶向区域确定 Determination of targeting region	植株表型 Plant phenotype	参考文献 Reference
水稻	Oryza sativa	IPA1	随机敲除	分蘖数平均增加50%，单株产量翻倍	[40]
水稻	O. sativa	D18	机器学习	株高与产量的连续变异性状	[41]
水稻	O. sativa	GS3	机器学习	百粒重的连续变异性状	[41]
玉米	Zea mays	CLE	组学信息	穗行数与行粒数的连续变异性状	[42]
番茄	Lycopersicon esculentum Miller	CLV3	随机敲除	果实大小连续变异性状	[43]
番茄	L. esculentum Miller	KLUH	自然变异区、顺式作用元件	果实重量增加6.3%-15.7%	[44]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	自然变异区	直链淀粉含量下降7.09%-11.50%	[45]
水稻	O. sativa	GS3	机器学习	直链淀粉含量下降的连续变异性状	[41]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	网站预测顺式作用元件	直链淀粉含量下降10.66%-14.85%	[46]
水稻	O. sativa	Wx	网站预测顺式作用元件	直链淀粉含量下降的连续变异性状	[47]
水稻	O. sativa	SLG7	网站预测顺式作用元件	垩白粒率4.5%-10.0%	[48]
水稻	O. sativa	NAS2	网站预测顺式作用元件	锌含量增加0%-50%	[49]
番茄	L. esculentum Miller	ANT1	启动子替换	花青素含量增加，果实为紫色	[50]
水稻	O. sativa	Xa13	细菌光诱导元件	白叶枯病变面积减少90%，育性不变	[51]
水稻	O. sativa	SWEET11/13/14	EBE	白叶枯病变长度可减少94%	[52]
水稻	O. sativa	SWEET14	EBE	白叶枯病变长度可减少90%	[53]
水稻	O. sativa	SULTR3;6	EBE	细菌性条斑病长度可减少93%	[54]
水稻	O. sativa	CP12	启动子替换	除草剂抗性	[55]
葡萄柚	Citrus paradisi	LOB1	EBE	抗溃疡病菌	[56]
万金橙	Citrus sinensis Osbeck	LOB1	EBE	溃疡病变面积可减少90%	[57]
小麦	Triticum aestivum	ARGOS8	启动子替换	干旱条件下每亩增产136.08 kg	[58]
小麦	T. aestivum	VRN-A1	自然变异区、顺式作用元件	抽穗期缩短了2-3 d	[59]