基因编辑技术在作物育种中的应用与展望

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2020-0328

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基因编辑技术是指对目标基因进行“编辑”,实现对特定基因片段的删除、插入和替换的一项技术。如今该技术已经被广泛应用于细菌、真菌、动物和植物等领域,其中成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列及其相关系统（Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins,CRISPR/Cas system）作为第三代编辑技术,其效用远超于前两代并因此在近年来迅猛发展。简要介绍了锌指核酸酶（Zinc-finger nucleases,ZFNs）、转录激活子样效应因子核酸酶（Transcription activator-like effectors nucleases,TALEN）和CRISPR/Cas共3种基因组编辑技术的作用机理,并总结CRISPR/Cas系统的功能、局限性以及其在作物育种上的应用,最后对基因编辑作物的未来进行展望。

关键词: 基因编辑技术, CRISPR/Cas, 作物育种

Abstract:

Genome editing is a group of technologies that allows the introduction of deletions,insertions or base substitutions by causing damage in targeted gene locus. This technology has now been utilized widely for editing the genome of various organisms,including bacteria,fungus,animals and plants. Compared to the Zinc-finger nucleases（ZFNs）and Transcription activator-like effectors nucleases（TALENs）editors,clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats（CRISPR）/ CRISPR-associated protein（Cas）（CRISPR/Cas）system has developed as an efficient and versatile method for genome engineering. In this review,we describe the basic mechanism of ZFNs,TALENs and CRISPR/Cas system,and summarize the functions,limitation and application of CRISPR/Cas system in crop breeding. Finally,we discuss the potential challenges and opportunities of genome-edited crops in the future.

Key words: gene editing technology, CRISPR/Cas, crop breeding

李树磊, 郑红艳, 王磊. 基因编辑技术在作物育种中的应用与展望[J]. 生物技术通报, 2020, 36(11): 209-221.

LI Shu-lei, ZHENG Hong-yan, WANG Lei. Application and Prospect of Gene Editing Technology in Crop Breeding[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2020, 36(11): 209-221.

图/表 1

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目的性状	靶基因	编辑类型	作物	参考文献
穗型增大	miR396	NHEJ	水稻	[38]
穗重增加	DEP1	NHEJ	水稻	[39]
籽粒增大,粒数增多	Gn1a,GS3,DEP1	NHEJ	水稻	[82]
籽粒增大,粒重增加	GW2	NHEJ	小麦,水稻	[41-42]
减少不饱和脂肪酸	FAD2	NHEJ	油菜	[47]
高直链淀粉含量	SBEIIb	NHEJ	水稻	[49]
花青素增加	Rc	NHEJ	水稻	[45]
热敏感雄性不育	TMS5	NHEJ	玉米	[83]
抗除草剂	DEP1,GW2	ABE	小麦	[84]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	油菜	[52]
抗除草剂	EPSPS	NHEJ	水稻	[50]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	水稻	[85-86]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	小麦	[51]
抗除草剂	ACC	CBE,ABE	水稻	[53]
抗除草剂	SF3B1	NHEJ	水稻	[57]
抗除草剂	ALS	HR	大豆,玉米	[87-88]
抗虫	CYP71A1	NHEJ	水稻	[58]
干旱抗性	miRNA166	NHEJ	水稻	[68]
干旱抗性	ARGOS8 promoter	HR	玉米	[66]
干旱抗性	GhRDL1	NHEJ	棉花	[89]
镉耐性	Nramp5	NHEJ	水稻	[64]
白叶枯病抗性	SWEET11,SWEET13,SWEET14	NHEJ	水稻	[72]
白粉病抗性	TaMLO-A1,TaMLO-B1,TaMLO-D1	NHEJ	小麦	[81]
白粉病抗性	EDR1	NHEJ	小麦	[90]
稻瘟病抗性	ERF922	NHEJ	水稻	[76]
水稻球形病毒抗性	eIF4G	NHEJ	水稻	[78]

目的性状	靶基因	编辑类型	作物	参考文献
穗型增大	miR396	NHEJ	水稻	[38]
穗重增加	DEP1	NHEJ	水稻	[39]
籽粒增大,粒数增多	Gn1a,GS3,DEP1	NHEJ	水稻	[82]
籽粒增大,粒重增加	GW2	NHEJ	小麦,水稻	[41-42]
减少不饱和脂肪酸	FAD2	NHEJ	油菜	[47]
高直链淀粉含量	SBEIIb	NHEJ	水稻	[49]
花青素增加	Rc	NHEJ	水稻	[45]
热敏感雄性不育	TMS5	NHEJ	玉米	[83]
抗除草剂	DEP1,GW2	ABE	小麦	[84]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	油菜	[52]
抗除草剂	EPSPS	NHEJ	水稻	[50]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	水稻	[85-86]
抗除草剂	ALS	NHEJ	小麦	[51]
抗除草剂	ACC	CBE,ABE	水稻	[53]
抗除草剂	SF3B1	NHEJ	水稻	[57]
抗除草剂	ALS	HR	大豆,玉米	[87-88]
抗虫	CYP71A1	NHEJ	水稻	[58]
干旱抗性	miRNA166	NHEJ	水稻	[68]
干旱抗性	ARGOS8 promoter	HR	玉米	[66]
干旱抗性	GhRDL1	NHEJ	棉花	[89]
镉耐性	Nramp5	NHEJ	水稻	[64]
白叶枯病抗性	SWEET11,SWEET13,SWEET14	NHEJ	水稻	[72]
白粉病抗性	TaMLO-A1,TaMLO-B1,TaMLO-D1	NHEJ	小麦	[81]
白粉病抗性	EDR1	NHEJ	小麦	[90]
稻瘟病抗性	ERF922	NHEJ	水稻	[76]
水稻球形病毒抗性	eIF4G	NHEJ	水稻	[78]