根际微生物组防控药用植物病害研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2026-0025

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根际微生物组作为药用植物的“第二基因组”，可通过营养竞争、重寄生、抗菌物质分泌及诱导系统抗性（induced systemic resistance, ISR）等多种机制协助植物体抵御病害侵染。在明确根际微生物组功能的基础上对其进行人为定向调控，已成为推动药用植物病害绿色管理技术升级的重要途径。本文对根际微生物组在药用植物病害防控领域的研究现状及应用情况进行系统梳理，目前研究主要围绕根际微生物组构成特征解析、病害防控机制诠释及合成菌群构建与应用三大方向，但面临化学投入品依赖导致的病害抗药性演化、土壤微生态失衡及农残超标等突出问题，且合成菌群功能稳定性不足、田间适配性差等技术瓶颈尚未突破。研究演进路径呈现阶梯式特征：早期以微生物资源筛选与单一功能验证为主，近年来则加速向精准化生防技术体系转型，突出表现为合成菌群定向装配、根际微生态调控等核心技术的融合应用，标志着技术范式从经验驱动向功能驱动的根本转变。由此提出“功能补偿装配-菌群智能构建-互作体系评价”三维协同发展框架，为药用植物病害绿色精准防控提供理论支撑与创新思路，助力中药生态农业高质量健康发展。

关键词: 药用植物, 根际微生物组, 植物微生态, 生防机制, 合成菌群

Abstract:

Rhizosphere microbiome, regarded as the “second genome” of medicinal plants, can assist plants in resisting disease infection via various mechanisms such as nutritional competition, hyperparasitism, secretion of antimicrobial metabolite, and induced systemic resistance. Based on elucidating functional attributes of the rhizospheric microbiome, artificial directional regulation has emerged as a pivotal strategy for advancing green disease management in medicinal plants. This review systematically sorts current research and applications of rhizospheric microbiomes in controlling diseases of medicinal plants, revealing three principal research thrusts, such as the parsed characteristics of rhizospheric microbiome communities, elucidation of disease biocontrol mechanisms, construction and application of synthetic microbial communities. However, current challenges still exist, including chemical input-dependent pathogen resistance evolution, soil microecological imbalance, and excessive agricultural residues. Moreover, synthetic microbial consortia exhibit inadequate functional stability and poor field adaptability, representing critical technical barriers. The evolutionary trajectory of research methodologies demonstrates a progressive shift from microbial resource screening and single-functional validation to precision biocontrol systems. Recent advancements emphasize integrated applications of synthetic microbial assembly and rhizosphere ecological modulation, marking a paradigm shift from empirical approaches to function-driven strategies. Accordingly, this study proposes a three-dimensional synergistic development framework encompassing “functional compensation assembly - consortium intelligent construction - interaction system evaluation”, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and innovative pathway for achieving green, precise disease control in medicinal plants, and supports sustainable development in ecological agriculture of Chinese materia medica.

Key words: medicinal plant, rhizosphere microbiome, plant microecology, biocontrol mechanism, synthetic microbial community

孙卓, 雷梦苑, 林红梅, 吕泽良, 韩忠明, 杨利民. 根际微生物组防控药用植物病害研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(5): 37-50.

SUN Zhuo, LEI Meng-yuan, LIN Hong-mei, LYU Ze-liang, HAN Zhong-ming, YANG Li-min. Research Advances on Rhizosphere Microbiome-mediated Control of Medicinal Plant Diseases[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(5): 37-50.

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序号 Number	生防微生物 Biocontrol agents	登记证号 Registration certificate number	剂型与登记类型 Formulation and registration type	药用作物及病害 Crops and target diseases	推荐使用标准或规程 Recommended standards or regulations
1	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis	PD20160669（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（美国拜沃）	人参立枯病、灰霉病、根腐病等	人参优质种植技术规范（GB/T 34789-2017）等
2	甲基营养型芽胞杆菌 Bacillus methylotrophicus	PD20181602（母药）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（华北制药集团爱诺）	人参、三七、大蒜等根腐病	非林地人参绿色生产技术规程（DB22T 3607-2023）等
3	解淀粉芽胞杆菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	PD20240498（母药）	悬浮剂（SC）杀菌剂（武汉科诺生物）	人参、三七等根腐病	植物类中药材病害综合防治技术规范总则（T/CACM 1570.1-2024）等
4	贝莱斯芽胞杆菌 Bacillus velezensis	PD20211360（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（四川百事东旺生物）	半夏细菌性软腐病、当归根腐病、烟草黑胫病等	烟草病虫害防治技术规范（YC/T 391-2011）等
5	多黏类芽胞杆菌 Paenibacillus polymyxa	PD20171137（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（山西临猗中晋化工）	人参立枯病等	人参安全生产农药使用规范（DB22/T 1233-2019）等
6	哈茨木霉 Trichoderma harzianum	PD20140319（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（美国拜沃）	人参灰霉病、人参立枯病等	人参优质种植技术规范（GB/T 34789-2017）等
7	淡紫拟青霉 Paecilomyces lilacinus	PD20252900（制剂）	颗粒剂（GR）杀线虫剂（云南绿戎生物）	白术、地黄等线虫病	植物类中药材病害综合防治技术规范地黄（T/CACM 1570.5-2024）等
8	侧孢长枝木霉菌 Trichoderma longibrachiatum	微生物肥2018准字6138号	微生物菌剂（河北博海生物）	川芎叶斑病、白术根腐病等	白术根腐病防控技术规程（DB50/T 1524-2023）等
9	木霉菌 Trichoderma sp.	PD20096832（母药）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（山东泰诺）	黄芩灰霉病、白粉病、根腐病等	黄芩主要病虫害绿色防控技术规程（DB14/T 3384-2025）等
10	金龟子绿僵菌 Metarhizium anisopliae	PD20220377（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀虫剂（宁夏中微泰克）	蛴螬及虫害伴生的黄连根腐病、白绢病	中药材药用植物主要病虫害生物防治技术规程第1部分：黄连（DB42/T 2083.1-2023）等
11	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	PD20102133（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀虫剂（江西天人生态）	蛴螬及虫害伴生的半夏猝倒病、软腐病及白绢病	中药材药用植物主要病虫害生物防治技术规程第2部分：半夏（DB42/T 2083.2-2024）等

序号 Number	生防微生物 Biocontrol agents	登记证号 Registration certificate number	剂型与登记类型 Formulation and registration type	药用作物及病害 Crops and target diseases	推荐使用标准或规程 Recommended standards or regulations
1	枯草芽胞杆菌 Bacillus subtilis	PD20160669（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（美国拜沃）	人参立枯病、灰霉病、根腐病等	人参优质种植技术规范（GB/T 34789-2017）等
2	甲基营养型芽胞杆菌 Bacillus methylotrophicus	PD20181602（母药）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（华北制药集团爱诺）	人参、三七、大蒜等根腐病	非林地人参绿色生产技术规程（DB22T 3607-2023）等
3	解淀粉芽胞杆菌 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	PD20240498（母药）	悬浮剂（SC）杀菌剂（武汉科诺生物）	人参、三七等根腐病	植物类中药材病害综合防治技术规范总则（T/CACM 1570.1-2024）等
4	贝莱斯芽胞杆菌 Bacillus velezensis	PD20211360（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（四川百事东旺生物）	半夏细菌性软腐病、当归根腐病、烟草黑胫病等	烟草病虫害防治技术规范（YC/T 391-2011）等
5	多黏类芽胞杆菌 Paenibacillus polymyxa	PD20171137（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（山西临猗中晋化工）	人参立枯病等	人参安全生产农药使用规范（DB22/T 1233-2019）等
6	哈茨木霉 Trichoderma harzianum	PD20140319（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（美国拜沃）	人参灰霉病、人参立枯病等	人参优质种植技术规范（GB/T 34789-2017）等
7	淡紫拟青霉 Paecilomyces lilacinus	PD20252900（制剂）	颗粒剂（GR）杀线虫剂（云南绿戎生物）	白术、地黄等线虫病	植物类中药材病害综合防治技术规范地黄（T/CACM 1570.5-2024）等
8	侧孢长枝木霉菌 Trichoderma longibrachiatum	微生物肥2018准字6138号	微生物菌剂（河北博海生物）	川芎叶斑病、白术根腐病等	白术根腐病防控技术规程（DB50/T 1524-2023）等
9	木霉菌 Trichoderma sp.	PD20096832（母药）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀菌剂（山东泰诺）	黄芩灰霉病、白粉病、根腐病等	黄芩主要病虫害绿色防控技术规程（DB14/T 3384-2025）等
10	金龟子绿僵菌 Metarhizium anisopliae	PD20220377（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀虫剂（宁夏中微泰克）	蛴螬及虫害伴生的黄连根腐病、白绢病	中药材药用植物主要病虫害生物防治技术规程第1部分：黄连（DB42/T 2083.1-2023）等
11	球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana	PD20102133（制剂）	可湿性粉剂（WP）杀虫剂（江西天人生态）	蛴螬及虫害伴生的半夏猝倒病、软腐病及白绢病	中药材药用植物主要病虫害生物防治技术规程第2部分：半夏（DB42/T 2083.2-2024）等