外泌体MicroRNA在抗病毒免疫中的功能分析

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1151

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

外泌体是一种细胞外囊泡，内含有多种蛋白质和细胞调节因子，参与细胞间的信息传递并调控细胞的生长和生理过程。由于外泌体的功能差异性与分泌其细胞的类型和状态密切相关，因此在细胞水平的免疫研究中，外泌体可在一定程度上反映细胞的基因表达水平。病毒个体微小、结构简单，在感染宿主细胞，完成自身复制以及逃逸宿主免疫等过程中涉及到复杂的免疫调控网络，其中外泌体作为信息交流的新兴关注点，在这一免疫调控网络中的“使者”作用值得关注。MicroRNA在细胞间信息交流中也具有重要的调控作用，作为外泌体装载的货物，被选择性的分选到外泌体后，外泌体microRNA能够更加稳定的靶向调节生物功能，参与调控病毒免疫。本文介绍了外泌体的组成、发生机制以及内容物的成分，并以其中研究范围较广，研究内容较多的外泌体miRNA为出发点，重点阐述其在病毒免疫中的双重作用，通过了解外泌体miRNA在同种病毒或不同病毒中的调控作用，对进一步解析病毒入侵宿主的机理具有重要意义。

关键词: 外泌体, 细胞外囊泡, microRNA, 病毒免疫

Abstract:

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain various proteins and cellular regulatory factors, which participate in intercellular information transfer and regulate cell growth and physiological processes. Exosomes can indicate the level of gene expression of cells in immunological studies at the cellular level, as their functional variability is closely related to the type and state of the cells that secrete them. Viruses are small and simple in structure. They complete self-replication and escape host immunity by involving a complex immunoregulatory network. As a new focus of information exchange, the role of exosomes as “messengers” in this regulatory network deserves attention. MicroRNAs also play a crucial regulatory role in intercellular information exchange. After being selectively sorted into exosomes, as one of the exosome-loaded cargoes, exosomal microRNA can regulate biological functions more stably and participate in the regulation of viral immunity. In this paper, the composition, mechanism, and content of exosomes are briefly introduced. Taking the exosomal miRNA with a wide research range and more research content as a starting point, it is focused on its dual role in viral immunity. Understanding the regulatory role of exosomal microRNA in the same or different viruses would be of great significance to further analyze the mechanism of virus invasion into the host.

Key words: exosomes, extracellular vesicles, microRNA, viral immunity

窦金萍, 高维崧, 韦双, 高新桃, 李轶女. 外泌体MicroRNA在抗病毒免疫中的功能分析[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(5): 48-57.

DOU Jin-ping, GAO Wei-song, WEI Shuang, GAO Xin-tao, LI Yi-nv. Functional Analysis of Exosomal MicroRNA in Antiviral Immunity[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(5): 48-57.

图/表 4

图1 外泌体的组分图中标明了外泌体的直径、亲水性和结构组成

Fig. 1 Components of exosomes The diameter, hydrophilicity, and structural composition of exosomes are indicated

图2 外泌体的发生机制在ESCRT复合物的协助下，细胞质膜内陷经过一系列的物质分选最终形成外泌体，通过识别受体完成靶细胞间的信息交流

Fig. 2 Mechanism of exosome formation With the assistance of the ESCRT complex, the cytoplasmic membrane invagination of cells eventually forms exosomes through a series of material sorting, and information communication with target cells is completed by recognizing receptors

图3 外泌体的生物医学应用梯度离心纯化得到的外泌体，可应用于医药和免疫研究等领域。

Fig. 3 Biomedical applications of exosomes The exosomes purified by gradient centrifugation can be used in the fields of medicine and immunology research

图4 外泌体在病毒感染中的双刃剑作用左侧为HBV病毒感染肝细胞分泌的外泌体miRNA能限制病毒感染，右侧为多种病毒感染细胞分泌的外泌体miRNA能促进病毒复制

Fig. 4 Dual role of exosomes in viral infection Left: The exosomal miRNA secreted by HBV-infected hepatocytes, can restrict viral infection. Right: The exosomal miRNA secreted by various virus-infected cells, can promote viral replication

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