柔性可穿戴生物传感器在农作物胁迫及病虫害预警中的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0911

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

柔性可穿戴生物传感器兼具高灵敏度、稳定性、柔韧性与可拉伸性，可与作物表皮共形贴合，实时将生理信号转换为电信号，实现作物生理变化的动态监测。近些年来，柔性可穿戴生物传感器在农作物健康监测与胁迫预警领域发展迅速，为生长状态、病虫害及非生物胁迫的实时诊断提供了新范式。然而，其大规模应用仍受限于传感器的长期稳定贴附性、环境耐受性、多信号集成能力及成本效益等关键因素。本文综述了植物可穿戴柔性传感器在农作物健康监测与胁迫预警领域的最新研究进展，聚焦其核心特性、主要分类及其传感性能，并从病虫害早期识别、水分状况、代谢变化、农药残留及其形态应变等多维度剖析了柔性可穿戴传感器在农业生产技术转化中的核心瓶颈，展望其与人工智能、纳米技术及先进材料交叉融合的未来路径，为智慧农业背景下作物健康管理的理论突破与技术落地提供重要参考。

关键词: 柔性可穿戴生物传感器, 农作物生长胁迫, 病虫害, 预警监测, 智慧农业

Abstract:

Flexible wearable biosensors have high sensitivity, stability, flexibility, and stretchability, enabling conformal adhesion to crop epidermis and real-time conversion of physiological signals into electrical signals for dynamic monitoring of plant physiological changes. In recent years, such sensors have rapidly advanced in the field of crop health monitoring and stress early-warning, providing a novel paradigm for real-time diagnosis of growth status, diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses. However, their large-scale application has been limited by key factors including long-term stable adhesion, environmental tolerance, multi-signal integration capability, and cost-effectiveness. This review summarized recent advances in plant wearable flexible sensors for crop health monitoring and stress early-warning, with a focus on their core characteristics, primary classifications, and sensing performance. Furthermore, it analyzed the critical bottlenecks in the translation of flexible wearable sensors into agricultural practices from multiple dimensions: early identification of diseases and pests, water status, metabolic changes, pesticide residues, and morphological strain. It also prospected the future pathways of their integration with artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and advanced materials, which may provide important references for theoretical breakthroughs and technological implementation in crop health management within the context of smart agriculture.

Key words: flexible wearable biosensors, crop growth stress, pest and disease, pre-alarming monitoring, smart agriculture

何俊杰, 何阳, 禹唯, 关桦楠. 柔性可穿戴生物传感器在农作物胁迫及病虫害预警中的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(4): 38-52.

HE Jun-jie, HE Yang, YU Wei, GUAN Hua-nan. Advances in Flexible Wearable Biosensors for Early Warning of Crop Stress and Disease-pest Infestation： A Comprehensive Review[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(4): 38-52.

图/表 4

表1 不同类别的农作物柔性可穿戴生物传感器的性能和功效

Table 1 Performance and efficacy of different types of crop flexible wearable biosensors

传感器构成 Sensor composition	传感对象 Sensing object	检测对象 Detecting object	检测指标 Testing index	检测范围 Detection range	响应时间 Response time	传感方式 Detecting means	传感器安装部位 Sensor installation site	参考文献 Reference
聚酰亚胺、丝网印刷银、激光诱导石墨烯、ZnIn₂S₄（ZIS）纳米片	瓜栗	蒸腾作用	光照、水分	相对湿度30%-90%	<4 ms	非接触式	植物叶片下表面	［36］
碳化丝绸乔其纱（CSG）	番茄、西瓜、大豆、菜豆	蒸腾作用	水分	6 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.17%、12 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.08%、30 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.03%	<70 ms	非侵入式	茎与果实	［38］
PI、激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、氧化石墨烯（GO）	绿萝	蒸腾作用	水分	相对湿度响应范围10%-90%	15.8 s	非侵入式	植物叶片的下表面	［28］
聚酰亚胺、氧化石墨烯	玉米	蒸腾作用、光合作用	水分、光照	相对湿度响应范围11%-95%	20.3 s	非侵入式	植物叶片的下表面	［43］
COF_MOP-TAPB、COF_PDA-TAPPy、COF_BPDA-TAPPy、MXene、银纳米线、聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）	番茄	叶片表面湿度	微环境	相对湿度响应范围10%-98%	5 s	非侵入式	茎、植物叶片的下表面	［44］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、MXene、二硫化钼纳米片、丝网印刷电极SPE	草莓	没食子酸	植物代谢物	≥625 nmol/L	0.5 s	侵入式	叶片	［41］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、银电极、聚酰亚胺（PI）基底	鳄梨	水杨酸	植物代谢物	≥8 200 nmol/L	20 s	非侵入式	叶片	［45］
MIL-88B（Fe）、MIL-53（Fe）、DUT-8（Ni）、Cd（PNMI）、Co（5-NH₂-bdc）（bpy）、［Cu₂（bdc）₂（bpy）］n、［Cu₂（bdc）₂（bpe）］n	番茄	（E）-2-己烯醇、1-己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚	挥发性有机化合物	未提及	3 600 s	非侵入式	无接触	［46］
Au@AgNWs、多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）、疏水溶胶-凝胶层、PDMS	番茄	叶醛类、酮类和醛类	挥发性有机化合物、温度、湿度	≥100 ppm	120 s	非侵入式	叶片下表皮	［30］
氧化还原石墨烯（rGO）、AgNW、ITP ［碘硫酚］、BPT ［溴硫酚］、CTP ［氯硫酚］和FTP ［氟硫酚］	番茄	（E）-2-己烯醛和2-苯乙醇、（Z）-3-己烯醛、1-己烯醛、（E）-2-己烯醇和（E）-2-乙酸己烯酯、茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚、4-乙基苯酚、吲哚和苯并噻唑	挥发性有机化合物	ITP-AuNP@rGO：≥0.17 ppm、 BTP-AuNP@rGO：≥0.55 ppm CTP-AuNP@rGO：≥2.0 ppm NTP-AuNP@rGO：≥3.9 ppm	100 s	非侵入式	叶片或茎	［47］
nanoMIP微丝传感器、nanoMIP纤维丝传感器	番茄	D-葡萄糖	代谢产物	nanoMIP微丝传感器：≥79.4 nmol/L nanoMIP纤维丝传感器：≥251 000 nmol/L	300 s	侵入式	茎	［48］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）和黑磷纳米片（BP）	草莓、苹果	槲皮素	代谢产物	≥650 nmol/L	未提及	侵入式	叶片、果实表皮	［49］
碳纳米管纳米带（IONCs-CNR）、明胶水凝胶	芝麻、生菜、番茄、苹果	N-（1，3-二甲基丁基）-N'-苯基对苯二胺（6-PPD）	污染物	≥2.93 nmol/L	1 800 s	非侵入式	叶片、果实	［50］
醋酸纤维素、丙酮、水	番茄、生菜	多菌灵、百草枯	农药残留	多菌灵：≥54.9 nmol/L 百草枯：≥19.8 nmol/L	50 s	非侵入式	表皮	［39］
聚酰亚胺（PI）、PDMS、激光诱导石墨烯-金纳米颗粒（LIG-Au）	绿萝、生菜	甲基对硫磷	农药残留	≥0.646 nmol/L	38.65 s	非侵入式	叶片	［51］

表1 不同类别的农作物柔性可穿戴生物传感器的性能和功效

Table 1 Performance and efficacy of different types of crop flexible wearable biosensors

传感器构成 Sensor composition	传感对象 Sensing object	检测对象 Detecting object	检测指标 Testing index	检测范围 Detection range	响应时间 Response time	传感方式 Detecting means	传感器安装部位 Sensor installation site	参考文献 Reference
聚酰亚胺、丝网印刷银、激光诱导石墨烯、ZnIn₂S₄（ZIS）纳米片	瓜栗	蒸腾作用	光照、水分	相对湿度30%-90%	<4 ms	非接触式	植物叶片下表面	［36］
碳化丝绸乔其纱（CSG）	番茄、西瓜、大豆、菜豆	蒸腾作用	水分	6 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.17%、12 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.08%、30 cm传感器相对湿度响应范围≥0.03%	<70 ms	非侵入式	茎与果实	［38］
PI、激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、氧化石墨烯（GO）	绿萝	蒸腾作用	水分	相对湿度响应范围10%-90%	15.8 s	非侵入式	植物叶片的下表面	［28］
聚酰亚胺、氧化石墨烯	玉米	蒸腾作用、光合作用	水分、光照	相对湿度响应范围11%-95%	20.3 s	非侵入式	植物叶片的下表面	［43］
COF_MOP-TAPB、COF_PDA-TAPPy、COF_BPDA-TAPPy、MXene、银纳米线、聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）	番茄	叶片表面湿度	微环境	相对湿度响应范围10%-98%	5 s	非侵入式	茎、植物叶片的下表面	［44］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、MXene、二硫化钼纳米片、丝网印刷电极SPE	草莓	没食子酸	植物代谢物	≥625 nmol/L	0.5 s	侵入式	叶片	［41］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、银电极、聚酰亚胺（PI）基底	鳄梨	水杨酸	植物代谢物	≥8 200 nmol/L	20 s	非侵入式	叶片	［45］
MIL-88B（Fe）、MIL-53（Fe）、DUT-8（Ni）、Cd（PNMI）、Co（5-NH₂-bdc）（bpy）、［Cu₂（bdc）₂（bpy）］n、［Cu₂（bdc）₂（bpe）］n	番茄	（E）-2-己烯醇、1-己醛、（E）-2-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚	挥发性有机化合物	未提及	3 600 s	非侵入式	无接触	［46］
Au@AgNWs、多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）、疏水溶胶-凝胶层、PDMS	番茄	叶醛类、酮类和醛类	挥发性有机化合物、温度、湿度	≥100 ppm	120 s	非侵入式	叶片下表皮	［30］
氧化还原石墨烯（rGO）、AgNW、ITP ［碘硫酚］、BPT ［溴硫酚］、CTP ［氯硫酚］和FTP ［氟硫酚］	番茄	（E）-2-己烯醛和2-苯乙醇、（Z）-3-己烯醛、1-己烯醛、（E）-2-己烯醇和（E）-2-乙酸己烯酯、茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醛、4-乙基愈创木酚、4-乙基苯酚、吲哚和苯并噻唑	挥发性有机化合物	ITP-AuNP@rGO：≥0.17 ppm、 BTP-AuNP@rGO：≥0.55 ppm CTP-AuNP@rGO：≥2.0 ppm NTP-AuNP@rGO：≥3.9 ppm	100 s	非侵入式	叶片或茎	［47］
nanoMIP微丝传感器、nanoMIP纤维丝传感器	番茄	D-葡萄糖	代谢产物	nanoMIP微丝传感器：≥79.4 nmol/L nanoMIP纤维丝传感器：≥251 000 nmol/L	300 s	侵入式	茎	［48］
激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）、金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）和黑磷纳米片（BP）	草莓、苹果	槲皮素	代谢产物	≥650 nmol/L	未提及	侵入式	叶片、果实表皮	［49］
碳纳米管纳米带（IONCs-CNR）、明胶水凝胶	芝麻、生菜、番茄、苹果	N-（1，3-二甲基丁基）-N'-苯基对苯二胺（6-PPD）	污染物	≥2.93 nmol/L	1 800 s	非侵入式	叶片、果实	［50］
醋酸纤维素、丙酮、水	番茄、生菜	多菌灵、百草枯	农药残留	多菌灵：≥54.9 nmol/L 百草枯：≥19.8 nmol/L	50 s	非侵入式	表皮	［39］
聚酰亚胺（PI）、PDMS、激光诱导石墨烯-金纳米颗粒（LIG-Au）	绿萝、生菜	甲基对硫磷	农药残留	≥0.646 nmol/L	38.65 s	非侵入式	叶片	［51］

图1 可穿戴化学电阻传感器（A）和MapS-Wear系统（B）

Fig. 1 Wearable chemical resistance sensor (A) and MapS-Wear system(B)

图2 氧化石墨烯可穿戴传感器（A）和折纸启发的3D高拉伸透气可穿戴传感器（B）（a）：二维平面基底。（b）：三维折纸结构。（c）：3D传感器穿戴在植物器官（叶片）上。（d）：随植物生长拉伸的三维传感器。（e）：集成传感模块的3D传感器用于原位和在线监测植物生长（伸长）和微气候（温度、湿度、光照）

Fig. 2 Graphene oxide wearable sensor (A) and Origami-inspired 3D high stretch breathable wearable sensor (B)(a): 2D planar substrate. (b): 3D origami structure. (c): 3D sensor worn on a plant organ (leaf). (d): 3D sensor stretched with plant growth. (e): 3D sensor with integrated sensing modules for in-situ and online monitoring of plant growth (elongation) and microclimate (temperature, humidity, and light)

图3 用于树干液流分析的植物穿戴式传感器设计（A）和植物可穿戴自供能传感器（B）A（a）：装置的立体装配图；A（b）：植物可穿戴式树液流量传感器的制造方法；A（c）：装置的光学图像，放大图像展示了蛇形互连、板载温度传感器和热敏电阻；A（d）：热敏电阻工作120 s时热像仪通过颜色和对比度增强突出显示的温度空间分布。B（a）：传感探头工作原理的示意图；B（b）：传感探头集成在一个3D打印的柔性花形外壳内，设计包括用于高效太阳能收集和存储的可折叠的硅太阳能电池板、微型锂离子电池、一个能够监测树液流量的柔性电子传感器、一个用于数据传输的LED光发射器以及一个紧凑的FPCB控制板；B（c）：传感探头外观的物理图像；B（d）：在光学成像下捕获探针的可折叠太阳能电池板；B（e）：光学图像显示将LED光发射器集成到太阳能电池板上，通过可拉伸的蛇形铜导电轨道相互连接；B（f）：经过放大的图像中柔性液流传感器的细节

Fig. 3 Design of the plant-wearable sensor for sap flow analysis (A) and plant-wearable self-powered sensor (B)A(a): Exploded view illustration of the device.A(b): Fabrication approaches of the plant-wearable sap flow sensor. A(c): Optical images of the device, with enlarged images showing the serpentine interconnects and on-boarded temperature sensor and thermistor. A(d): IR thermography with color and contrast enhancement highlights the spatial distribution of temperature when the thermistor operates for 120 s. B(a): Schematic illustration depicting the working principle of the sensing probe. B(b): Design of the sensing probe, comprising a foldable silicon solar panel and miniature Li-ion batteries for efficient solar energy harvesting and storage. In addition, the probe includes a flexible electronic sensor capable of monitoring plant sap flow, an LED light transmitter for data transmission, and a compact FPCB control board. All these components are integrated within a 3D printed soft flower-shaped housing. B(c): Physical images of the appearance of the sensing probe. B(d): Foldable solar panel of the probe captured under optical imaging. B(e): Optical image exhibiting the integration of the LED light transmitter onto the solar panel, interconnected by stretchable serpentine copper conductive tracks. B(f): Enlarged image highlighting the flexible sap flow sensor in detail

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