零价铁对厌氧氨氧化系统的影响及累积作用机制

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1399

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究零价铁对厌氧氨氧化系统的影响，并揭示其累积作用机制。方法设定3组零价铁投加量L0（0 g/L）、L1（2 g/L）和L2（4 g/L），测定不同零价铁投加量时厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮除磷性能、污泥特性、菌群结构和氮代谢相关功能基因。结果适量的零价铁（L1）短期内（第3-22天）可通过腐蚀作用促进反硝化过程，并为厌氧氨氧化提供更多的亚硝酸盐底物，同时生成Fe-P沉淀实现同步除磷，使L1平均亚硝态氮、总氮和总磷去除率较L0分别提高17.64%、10.52%和84.33%。然而，零价铁过量累积（L2）会产生显著的负面效应，过量铁腐蚀产物在污泥表面积累并阻碍传质，Fe²⁺竞争性还原亚硝酸盐导致厌氧氨氧化底物失衡，使L2第23-32天的平均氨氮、亚硝态氮和总氮去除率较L0分别降低31.16%、15.56%和13.94%。同时，零价铁的累积导致Candidatus Kuenenia、Candidatus Brocadia和SM1A02的相对丰度降低，而Denitratisoma和Limnobacter的相对丰度提高。L1和L2中氮代谢相关功能基因norB和hao等的上调，是由零价铁引发厌氧氨氧化系统物理和化学环境改变所导致的。结论适量的零价铁可有效提高厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮除磷性能，但存在累积抑制效应，其作用机制是从化学还原、物理覆盖到微生物生态与代谢功能改变的链式过程。

关键词: 零价铁, 厌氧氨氧化, 脱氮除磷, 菌群结构, 功能基因, 作用机制

Abstract:

Objective To explore the effect of zero-valent iron on anaerobic ammonium oxidation system and reveal its cumulative effect mechanism. Method We established three groups of zero-valent iron dosage—L0 (0 g/L), L1 (2 g/L), and L2 (4 g/L), and then determined the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance, sludge characteristics, microbial community structure and nitrogen metabolism-related functional genes of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system at different zero-valent iron dosages. Result An appropriate amount of zero-valent iron (L1) can promote the denitrification process through corrosion in the short term (3–22 days), provide more nitrite substrates for anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and generate Fe-P precipitation to achieve synchronous phosphorus removal. This increases the average removal rates of nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in L1 by 17.64%, 10.52%, and 84.33%, respectively, compared to L0. However, excessive accumulation of zero-valent iron (L2) leads to significant negative effects: the corrosion products of excess iron accumulate on the surface of sludge and hinder mass transfer, and the competitive reduction of nitrite by Fe²⁺ leads to an imbalance of anaerobic ammonia oxidation substrates, resulting in a decrease of 31.16%, 15.56%, and 13.94% in the average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and total nitrogen in L2 on days 23 to 32 compared to L0, respectively. Meanwhile, the accumulation of zero-valent iron leads to a decrease in the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia, Candidatus Brocadia, and SM1A02, while the relative abundance of Denitratisoma and Limnobacter increases. The upregulation of nitrogen metabolism-related functional genes norB and hao in both L1 and L2 is caused by changes in the physical and chemical environment of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system triggered by zero-valent iron. Conclusion Moderate zero-valent iron can effectively improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of anaerobic ammonia oxidation systems, but there is a cumulative inhibitory effect. Its mechanism of action is a chain-like process containing chemical reduction, physical coverage, and changes in microbial ecology and metabolic functions.

Key words: zero-valent iron, anammox, nitrogen and phosphorus removal, microbial community structure, functional gene, mechanism of action

陈仔龙, 张超, 郝宛婷, 宋贤威, 陈雨婷, 陈欣怡, 高明原, 朱易春. 零价铁对厌氧氨氧化系统的影响及累积作用机制[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(5): 248-256.

CHEN Zai-long, ZHANG Chao, HAO Wan-ting, SONG Xian-wei, CHEN Yu-ting, CHEN Xin-yi, GAO Ming-yuan, ZHU Yi-chun. Influence and Cumulative Effect Mechanism of Zero-valent Iron on Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation System[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(5): 248-256.

图/表 5

图1 各系统中氮和磷的去除A：氨氮的变化；B：亚硝态氮的变化；C：硝态氮和总氮的变化；D：总磷的变化

Fig. 1 Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from each systemA: Changes in ammonia nitrogen. B: Changes in nitrite nitrogen. C: Changes in nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen. D: Changes in total phosphorus

图2 各系统中污泥表面形态和元素占比A：实验用泥；B-D：L0、L1和L2污泥照片；E-G：L0、L1和L2污泥扫描电镜图；H-J：L0、L1和L2污泥表面元素占比

Fig. 2 Surface morphology and elemental composition of sludge in each systemA: Experimental sludge. B-D: Photos of L0, L1, and L2 sludge. E-G: Scanning electron microscopy images of L0, L1, and L2 sludge. H-J: Surface element composition of L0, L1, and L2 sludge

图3 各系统中污泥EPS特性及表面官能团A：各系统EPS组分及含量；B：各系统污泥表面官能团；C-E：L0、L1和L2污泥LB-EPS三维荧光光谱

Fig. 3 EPS characteristics and surface functional groups of sludge in each systemA: EPS components and content in each system. B: Surface functional groups of sludge in each system. C-E: Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of LB-EPS in sludge from L0, L1, and L2

图4 各系统中微生物特性A：PCoA分析；B：门水平相对丰度；C：属水平相对丰度；D：氮代谢相关功能基因热图

Fig. 4 Microbial characteristics in each systemA: PCoA analysis. B: Relative abundance at the phylum level. C: Relative abundance at the genus level. D: Heatmap of nitrogen metabolism-related functional genes

图5 零价铁对厌氧氨氧化系统的累积作用机制

Fig. 5 Cumulative mechanism of zero-valent iron in anaerobic ammonia oxidation system

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