短乳杆菌对全株玉米-大豆混合青贮变质期间霉菌毒素和微生物群落的影响

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1453

生物技术通报 ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 193-202.doi: 10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1453

• 微生物组学专题 • 上一篇

短乳杆菌对全株玉米-大豆混合青贮变质期间霉菌毒素和微生物群落的影响

马金慧¹(), 王晓妮², 祁保霞², 张适³, 吴琼³, 徐均钊², 吴白乙拉², 胡宗福², 牛化欣²()

^1.内蒙古民族大学草业学院，通辽 028000
^2.内蒙古民族大学动物科技学院，通辽 028000
^3.通辽市农牧业发展中心，通辽 028000

收稿日期:2025-12-30 出版日期:2026-05-26 发布日期:2026-06-10
通讯作者: 牛化欣，男，博士，教授，研究方向：肉牛营养与饲料科学；E-mail: niuhx@imun.edu.cn
作者简介:马金慧，女，博士，讲师，研究方向：青贮饲草种植与利用；E-mail: majinhui@imun.edu.cn
基金资助:
内蒙古自治区重点研发与成果转化项目(2023YFDZ0079);内蒙古自治区重点研发与成果转化项目(2023YFDZ0068);内蒙古自治区重点研发与成果转化项目(2025YFDZ0123);内蒙古自治区重点研发与成果转化项目(2025ZY0111);内蒙古自治区高等学校青年科技英才支持计划(NJYT22054);通辽市科技“突围”工程项目(TL20205TW004-1)

Effects of Lactobacillus brevis on Mycotoxins and Microbial Community in Whole-plant Corn-soybean Mixed Silage during Aerobic Deterioration

MA Jin-hui¹(), WANG Xiao-ni², QI Bao-xia², ZHANG Shi³, WU Qiong³, XU Jun-zhao², WU Bai-yi-la², HU Zong-fu², NIU Hua-xin²()

^1.College of Grassland Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000
^2.College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000
^3.Tongliao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Center, Tongliao 028000

Received:2025-12-30 Published:2026-05-26 Online:2026-06-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的阐明短乳杆菌DN-1对全株玉米-大豆混合青贮（whole-plant corn-soybean mixed silage, WPCS）有氧变质期间青贮品质、有氧稳定性、霉菌毒素和微生物多样性的影响。方法将全株玉米和全株大豆按1∶1比例混合，分为对照组（CK组）和短乳杆菌DN-1组（LB组），每组4个重复，青贮发酵60 d后，再有氧变质0、3、5 d取样，测定WPCS的营养成分、发酵品质、有氧稳定性、霉菌毒素含量和微生物群落变化。结果有氧变质期间，与CK组相比，LB组0、3 d粗蛋白质（CP）、pH、乳酸菌含量差异不显著（P>0.05），而5 d时显著升高（P<0.05），且5 d时酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、氨态氮（NH₃-N）、霉菌、呕吐毒素（deoxynivalenol, DON）含量显著降低（P<0.05）；LB组3、5 d的乙酸（acetic acid, AA）含量显著升高（P<0.05），而玉米赤霉烯酮（zearalenone, ZEA）和伏马菌素B1（fumonisin B1, FB1）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。LB组的有氧稳定性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）是所有样品中的优势门；乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc）相对丰度随着有氧变质时间的延长而降低，而芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）相对丰度随着有氧变质时间的延长而增加。相关性分析表明，pH、黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、DON、ZEA、FB1、丙酸（PA）、丁酸（BA）和NH₃-N与乳杆菌属、明串珠菌属和魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）呈负相关；乳酸（LA）和AA与乳杆菌属呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），与芽胞杆菌属呈负相关性（P<0.01）。结论短乳杆菌DN-1在一定程度上可减少WPCS有氧变质期间营养物质损失，提高乳杆菌属相对丰度，延缓pH升高和乳酸、乙酸降低，提高有氧稳定性，抑制霉菌及其毒素的积累，改善有氧变质青贮发酵品质。

关键词: 短乳杆菌, 混合青贮, 有氧变质, 微生物群落, 霉菌毒素

Abstract:

Objective This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Lactobacillus brevis DN-1 on silage quality, aerobic stability, mycotoxins, and microbial diversity in whole-plant corn-soybean mixed silage (WPCS) during aerobic deterioration. Method Whole-plant corn and whole-plant soybean were mixed at a ratio of 1:1 and divided into the control group (CK) and the L. brevis DN-1 group (LB), with four replicates per group. After 60 days of ensiling, samples were collected at 0, 3, and 5 days of aerobic deterioration. The nutritional components, fermentation quality, aerobic stability, mycotoxin content, and microbial community of WPCS were subsequently analyzed. Result During aerobic deterioration, no significant differences were observed in crude protein (CP), pH, or lactic acid bacteria content between the LB group and the CK group at 0 and 3 days (P>0.05). However, at 5 days, these parameters were significantly higher in the LB group (P<0.05). At 5 days, the LB group also showed significantly lower levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), mold, and deoxynivalenol (DON) compared with the CK group (P<0.05). At 3 and 5 days, the LB group exhibited significantly higher acetic acid (AA) content (P<0.05), while zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The aerobic stability of the LB group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).During aerobic deterioration, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in all samples. The relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc decreased with time, whereas the relative abundance of Bacillus increased with prolonged aerobic exposure. Correlation analysis showed that pH, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), DON, ZEA, FB1, propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and NH₃-N were negatively correlated with the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella. Lactic acid (LA) and AA were significantly positively correlated with the genus Lactobacillus (P<0.001) and negatively correlated with the genus Bacillus (P<0.01). Conclusion L. brevis DN-1 can reduce nutrient loss, increase the relative abundance of Lactobacilli, delay pH elevation and the decline of lactate and acetic acid, enhance aerobic stability, inhibit the accumulation of mold and its toxins, and improve the fermentation quality during aerobic deterioration of WPCS.

Key words: Lactobacillus brevis, mixed silage, aerobic deterioration, microbial community, mycotoxin

马金慧, 王晓妮, 祁保霞, 张适, 吴琼, 徐均钊, 吴白乙拉, 胡宗福, 牛化欣. 短乳杆菌对全株玉米-大豆混合青贮变质期间霉菌毒素和微生物群落的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2026, 42(5): 193-202.

MA Jin-hui, WANG Xiao-ni, QI Bao-xia, ZHANG Shi, WU Qiong, XU Jun-zhao, WU Bai-yi-la, HU Zong-fu, NIU Hua-xin. Effects of Lactobacillus brevis on Mycotoxins and Microbial Community in Whole-plant Corn-soybean Mixed Silage during Aerobic Deterioration[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(5): 193-202.

图/表 8

参考文献 35

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项目 Item	全株玉米 Whole-plant corn	全株大豆 Whole-plant soybean	混合 Mix
干物质DM （% FM）	32.50±0.11	31.52±0.16	32.43±0.05
pH	5.73±0.53	5.85±0.34	5.84±0.16
粗蛋白质CP （% DM）	8.56±0.35	18.46±0.35	10.71±0.27
中性洗涤纤维NDF （% DM）	42.28±0.37	52.69±0.22	48.58±0.52
酸性洗涤纤维ADF（% DM）	24.34±1.05	40.01±1.53	28.96±0.45
WSC （% DM）	11.88±0.05	3.63±0.16	5.82±0.06
乳酸菌（lg CFU/g FM）	4.55±0.14	5.56±0.36	5.21±0.20
酵母菌（lg CFU/g FM）	5.13±0.13	5.23±0.37	6.65±0.15
霉菌（lg CFU/g FM）	ND	ND	ND

项目 Item	全株玉米 Whole-plant corn	全株大豆 Whole-plant soybean	混合 Mix
干物质DM （% FM）	32.50±0.11	31.52±0.16	32.43±0.05
pH	5.73±0.53	5.85±0.34	5.84±0.16
粗蛋白质CP （% DM）	8.56±0.35	18.46±0.35	10.71±0.27
中性洗涤纤维NDF （% DM）	42.28±0.37	52.69±0.22	48.58±0.52
酸性洗涤纤维ADF（% DM）	24.34±1.05	40.01±1.53	28.96±0.45
WSC （% DM）	11.88±0.05	3.63±0.16	5.82±0.06
乳酸菌（lg CFU/g FM）	4.55±0.14	5.56±0.36	5.21±0.20
酵母菌（lg CFU/g FM）	5.13±0.13	5.23±0.37	6.65±0.15
霉菌（lg CFU/g FM）	ND	ND	ND

项目 Items	处理 Treatment	有氧变质天数 Aerobic exposure days （d）			SEM	P-value
项目 Items	处理 Treatment	0	3	5	SEM	T	D	T×D
DM （% FM）	CK	31.39b	30.25b	27.62a	0.881	NS	**	**
DM （% FM）	LB	32.32a	31.42a	29.08a	0.881	NS	**	**
CP （% DM）	CK	10.17a	9.26ab	7.72Ab	0.994	**	*	NS
CP （% DM）	LB	12.31a	11.56bc	9.90Bc	0.994	**	*	NS
NDF （% DM）	CK	45.12b	49.56a	51.11a	1.173	**	***	***
NDF （% DM）	LB	44.96b	49.72a	50.25a	1.173	**	***	***
ADF （% DM）	CK	29.71b	33.63a	35.44Aa	1.492	***	**	NS
ADF （% DM）	LB	25.40a	27.12a	28.39Ba	1.492	***	**	NS
WSC （% DM）	CK	15.50a	13.83a	11.90b	1.054	***	**	**
WSC （% DM）	LB	12.02a	11.06a	10.78a	1.054	***	**	**

项目 Items	处理 Treatment	有氧变质天数 Aerobic exposure days （d）			SEM	P-value
项目 Items	处理 Treatment	0	3	5	SEM	T	D	T×D
DM （% FM）	CK	31.39b	30.25b	27.62a	0.881	NS	**	**
DM （% FM）	LB	32.32a	31.42a	29.08a	0.881	NS	**	**
CP （% DM）	CK	10.17a	9.26ab	7.72Ab	0.994	**	*	NS
CP （% DM）	LB	12.31a	11.56bc	9.90Bc	0.994	**	*	NS
NDF （% DM）	CK	45.12b	49.56a	51.11a	1.173	**	***	***
NDF （% DM）	LB	44.96b	49.72a	50.25a	1.173	**	***	***
ADF （% DM）	CK	29.71b	33.63a	35.44Aa	1.492	***	**	NS
ADF （% DM）	LB	25.40a	27.12a	28.39Ba	1.492	***	**	NS
WSC （% DM）	CK	15.50a	13.83a	11.90b	1.054	***	**	**
WSC （% DM）	LB	12.02a	11.06a	10.78a	1.054	***	**	**

项目 Items	处理 Treatment	有氧变质天数 Aerobic exposure days （d）			SEM	P-value
项目 Items	处理 Treatment	0	3	5	SEM	T	D	T×D
pH	CK	4.1Bb	4.55b	5.33Aa	0.084	**	**	**
pH	LB	3.85Ab	4.41b	5.06Ba	0.084	**	**	**
LA （% DM）	CK	10.37a	7.77b	6.40b	0.507	NS	***	*
LA （% DM）	LB	12.98a	9.10b	8.67b	0.507	NS	***	*
AA （% DM）	CK	1.64Ba	0.83Bb	0.73Bb	0.432	***	***	***
AA （% DM）	LB	8.54Aa	7.59Aa	6.61Aa	0.432	***	***	***
PA （% DM）	CK	2.88b	3.56a	3.82a	ND	ND	ND	ND
PA （% DM）	LB	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
BA （% DM）	CK	0.5bc	0.88a	1.11a	ND	ND	ND	ND
BA （% DM）	LB	ND	ND	0.10	ND	ND	ND	ND
NH₃-N （%）	CK	3.18c	4.76b	5.67Ba	0.474	***	***	***
NH₃-N （%）	LB	2.01b	3.56a	3.66Aa	0.474	***	***	***

短乳杆菌对全株玉米-大豆混合青贮变质期间霉菌毒素和微生物群落的影响

Effects of Lactobacillus brevis on Mycotoxins and Microbial Community in Whole-plant Corn-soybean Mixed Silage during Aerobic Deterioration

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项目 Items	处理 Treatment	有氧变质天数 Aerobic exposure days （d）			SEM	P-value
项目 Items	处理 Treatment	0	3	5	SEM	T	D	T×D
乳酸菌	CK	5.51a	4.27a	0.11Ab	0.647	**	***	***
乳酸菌	LB	6.65a	5.35a	3.21Bb	0.647	**	***	***
酵母菌	CK	2.60Bc	4.99b	6.53a	0.322	*	**	**
酵母菌	LB	1.57Ac	3.46b	5.54a	0.322	*	**	**
霉菌	CK	ND	2.40	3.65B	ND	ND	ND	ND
霉菌	LB	ND	ND	1.23A	ND	ND	ND	ND

项目 Items	处理 Treatment	有氧变质天数 Aerobic exposure days （d）			SEM	P-value
项目 Items	处理 Treatment	0	3	5	SEM	T	D	T×D
乳酸菌	CK	5.51a	4.27a	0.11Ab	0.647	**	***	***
乳酸菌	LB	6.65a	5.35a	3.21Bb	0.647	**	***	***
酵母菌	CK	2.60Bc	4.99b	6.53a	0.322	*	**	**
酵母菌	LB	1.57Ac	3.46b	5.54a	0.322	*	**	**
霉菌	CK	ND	2.40	3.65B	ND	ND	ND	ND
霉菌	LB	ND	ND	1.23A	ND	ND	ND	ND