Effects on Pathogen Inactivation at the Thermophilic Stage of Aerobic Composting and Its Impact Factors

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0048

Abstract

Abstract:

There are large numbers of human and animal-plant pathogens at high risk of disease in the agricultural organic waste such as livestock manure and plant straws. Effects of pathogen inactivation during the thermophilic stage of aerobic composting and key factors affecting the survival of pathogens need to be investigated. Firstly,the pathogen survivals in 25 kinds of commercial organic fertilizers on the market were detected. Secondly,pathogen inactivation during the thermophilic stage of aerobic composting were investigated. Effects of temperature,pH and ammonium content on the survival of two model pathogens（Escherichia coli and Ralstonia solanacearum）were explored. Three of the 25 commercial organic fertilizers contained living potential pathogens,indicating that the organic fertilizers on commercial market still had potential environmental threats. The inactivation testing of pathogens during the thermophilic stage of aerobic composting showed that only pathogen DNA at very low abundance was detected in the composting heaps. The results in the laboratory showed that the survival of two model pathogens decreased with the increase of temperature,and the inactivation time became less. The pH presented different effects on the two pathogens. The higher the ammonium content was,the stronger the inhibitory effect on the growth of the two pathogens was. Thermophilic stage is important to pathogen inactivation during aerobic composting. Thermophilic stage during composting may effectively reduce most pathogens in the raw materials of composting such as livestock and poultry manure,which meet the requirements of relevant industry standards. Temperature,pH and ammonium content are important factors affecting pathogen survival in the composting heaps.

Key words: aerobic composting, thermophilic stage, pathogen, inactivation, parameters

YANG Tian-jie, ZHANG Ling-xin, GU Shao-hua, PAN Zi-hao, JIANG Gao-fei, WANG Shi-mei, WEI Zhong, XU Yang-chun, SHEN Qi-rong. Effects on Pathogen Inactivation at the Thermophilic Stage of Aerobic Composting and Its Impact Factors[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2021, 37(11): 237-247.

Figures/Tables 9

References 29

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样品编号 Sample No.	生产原料 Raw materials	堆肥工艺 Composting process	堆肥时间 Composting time/d
1	牛粪、秸秆、营养剂Cow manure, straws, nutrient	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
2	畜禽粪便、秸秆Livestock manure, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
3	牛粪、稻壳、猪粪Cow manure, rice husk, pig manure	槽式堆肥Trough composting	>30
4	牛粪、秸秆Cow manure, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
5	牛粪、米糠、草木灰Cow manure, rice bran, plant ash	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	<15
6	牛粪、米糠、发酵菌Cow manure, rice bran, fermented microbe	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
7	沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪、菇渣、甜叶菊渣Biogas residues, pig manure, chicken manure, mushroom residues, stevia residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
8	鸡粪、羊粪Chicken manure, sheep manure	静态通气堆肥Static aeration composting	22-30
9	菌菇渣、牛粪、糠醛渣、梨渣Mushroom residues, cow manure, furfural residues, pear residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
10	木薯渣、牛粪、菌菇渣Cassava residues, cow manure, mushroom residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
11	木薯渣、鸡粪、菌菇渣Cassava residues, chicken manure, mushroom residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
12	菌菇渣、羊粪、秸秆、猪粪、草木灰Mushroom residues, sheep manure, straws, pig manure, plant ash	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
13	牛粪、木薯渣、猪粪、氨基酸Cow manure, cassava residue, pig manure, amino acids	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
14	牛粪、糠醛渣、蘑菇渣、骨粉Cow manure, furfural residues, mushroom residues, bone meal	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
15	鸡粪、稻壳、秸秆Chicken manure, rice husk, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
16	畜禽粪便、菌渣Livestock manure, bacterial residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	<15
17	鲜鸡粪、垫料鸡粪Fresh chicken manure, litter chicken manure	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
18	畜禽粪便、食用菌培养棒Livestock manure, edible fungus culture sticks	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	20-25

样品编号 Sample No.	生产原料 Raw materials	堆肥工艺 Composting process	堆肥时间 Composting time/d
1	牛粪、秸秆、营养剂Cow manure, straws, nutrient	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
2	畜禽粪便、秸秆Livestock manure, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
3	牛粪、稻壳、猪粪Cow manure, rice husk, pig manure	槽式堆肥Trough composting	>30
4	牛粪、秸秆Cow manure, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
5	牛粪、米糠、草木灰Cow manure, rice bran, plant ash	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	<15
6	牛粪、米糠、发酵菌Cow manure, rice bran, fermented microbe	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
7	沼渣、猪粪、鸡粪、菇渣、甜叶菊渣Biogas residues, pig manure, chicken manure, mushroom residues, stevia residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
8	鸡粪、羊粪Chicken manure, sheep manure	静态通气堆肥Static aeration composting	22-30
9	菌菇渣、牛粪、糠醛渣、梨渣Mushroom residues, cow manure, furfural residues, pear residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
10	木薯渣、牛粪、菌菇渣Cassava residues, cow manure, mushroom residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
11	木薯渣、鸡粪、菌菇渣Cassava residues, chicken manure, mushroom residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
12	菌菇渣、羊粪、秸秆、猪粪、草木灰Mushroom residues, sheep manure, straws, pig manure, plant ash	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
13	牛粪、木薯渣、猪粪、氨基酸Cow manure, cassava residue, pig manure, amino acids	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
14	牛粪、糠醛渣、蘑菇渣、骨粉Cow manure, furfural residues, mushroom residues, bone meal	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	>30
15	鸡粪、稻壳、秸秆Chicken manure, rice husk, straws	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	15-21
16	畜禽粪便、菌渣Livestock manure, bacterial residues	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	<15
17	鲜鸡粪、垫料鸡粪Fresh chicken manure, litter chicken manure	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	22-30
18	畜禽粪便、食用菌培养棒Livestock manure, edible fungus culture sticks	条垛式堆肥Windrow composting	20-25

病原菌Pathogen	堆体Pile	堆肥时间Composting time/d	OTU数量OTU abundance
白葡萄球菌 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula	A	0	176.0±83.44 a
	A	8	1.33±1.15 b
	B	0	27.0±6.0 a
	B	8	1.0±0 b
鹿角球菌 Vagococcus lutrae	A	0	4.5±2.12 a
	A	8	1.33±1.53 a
	B	0	75.33±3.21 a
	B	8	0 b
Paenalcaligenes hominis	A	0	0
	A	8	0
	B	0	22.67±8.08 a
	B	8	3.67±2.31 b
鲍曼不动杆菌 Acinetobacter baumannii	A	0	26±12.73 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	6.0±3.61 a
	B	8	0 b
深红沙雷氏菌 Serratia rubidaea	A	0	29.5±6.36 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	2.0±1.0 a
	B	8	0.33±0.58 a
Chitinophaga terrae	A	0	23.5±28.99 a
	A	8	0 a
	B	0	0.67±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
大肠埃希-志贺氏菌 Escherichia-Shigella	A	0	15.5±0.71 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	3.0±2.65 a
	B	8	0 a
纤维化纤维微细菌 Cellulosimicrobium cellulans	A	0	6.0±5.65 a
	A	8	0.33±0.58 a
	B	0	5.33±2.31 a
	B	8	0 b
嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	A	0	13.5±3.54 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.33±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
抗热分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium thermoresistibile	A	0	2.0±0 a
	A	8	2.0±3.46 a
	B	0	0 a
	B	8	0.33±0.58 a
Pandoraea pnomenusa	A	0	4.0±1.41 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.67±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
格氏李斯特菌 Listeria grayi	A	0	2.5±0.71 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.33±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a

病原菌Pathogen	堆体Pile	堆肥时间Composting time/d	OTU数量OTU abundance
白葡萄球菌 Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula	A	0	176.0±83.44 a
	A	8	1.33±1.15 b
	B	0	27.0±6.0 a
	B	8	1.0±0 b
鹿角球菌 Vagococcus lutrae	A	0	4.5±2.12 a
	A	8	1.33±1.53 a
	B	0	75.33±3.21 a
	B	8	0 b
Paenalcaligenes hominis	A	0	0
	A	8	0
	B	0	22.67±8.08 a
	B	8	3.67±2.31 b
鲍曼不动杆菌 Acinetobacter baumannii	A	0	26±12.73 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	6.0±3.61 a
	B	8	0 b
深红沙雷氏菌 Serratia rubidaea	A	0	29.5±6.36 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	2.0±1.0 a
	B	8	0.33±0.58 a
Chitinophaga terrae	A	0	23.5±28.99 a
	A	8	0 a
	B	0	0.67±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
大肠埃希-志贺氏菌 Escherichia-Shigella	A	0	15.5±0.71 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	3.0±2.65 a
	B	8	0 a
纤维化纤维微细菌 Cellulosimicrobium cellulans	A	0	6.0±5.65 a
	A	8	0.33±0.58 a
	B	0	5.33±2.31 a
	B	8	0 b
嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	A	0	13.5±3.54 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.33±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
抗热分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium thermoresistibile	A	0	2.0±0 a
	A	8	2.0±3.46 a
	B	0	0 a
	B	8	0.33±0.58 a
Pandoraea pnomenusa	A	0	4.0±1.41 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.67±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a
格氏李斯特菌 Listeria grayi	A	0	2.5±0.71 a
	A	8	0 b
	B	0	0.33±0.58 a
	B	8	0 a

堆体理化性质 Physico-chemical properties	病原菌数量Pathogen abundance
堆体理化性质 Physico-chemical properties	自由度 Df	F值 F value	P值 P value
温度Temperature/℃	1	86.21	< 0.001
pH	1	23.63	< 0.01
铵态氮含量 Ammonium content/（mg·g^-1）	1	0.12	0.74
残差Residuals	7