Advance on Seed Dormancy and Its Regulation Mechanism

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0467

Abstract

Abstract:

Seed dormancy is defined as the inability of seeds to germinate in favorable conditions, which can prevent pre-harvest germination of crops. Studying seed dormancy in forestry is beneficial to forest cultivation. Studies showed that the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces and maintains seed dormancy, while gibberellin (GA) breaks dormancy. The two hormones regulate seed dormancy and germination in an antagonistic manner. Although some studies have investigated the hormonal regulation of seed dormancy and germination, there is a lack of a systematic summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying seed dormancy. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the types of seed dormancy and the effects of light and temperature signals on seed dormancy. It focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of seed dormancy by ABA, GA, and the interactions between these hormones. Additionally, it summarizes the research on dormancy-specific regulatory factors (such as DOG1, DOG18, Sdr4) and epigenetic regulation mechanisms. The aim is to deepen the understanding of the complex regulatory network of seed dormancy and provide theoretical references for plant trait improvement and selective molecular breeding.

Key words: seed dormancy, abscisic acid, gibberellin, DOG1, epigenetic regulation

DUAN Ruo-xin, CHEN Ying-ying, LIN Jin-xing, LI Rui-li. Advance on Seed Dormancy and Its Regulation Mechanism[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(12): 16-26.

Figures/Tables 2

References 104

[1]	Soppe WJJ, Bentsink L. Seed dormancy back on track; its definition and regulation by DOG1 [J]. New Phytol, 2020, 228(3): 816-819.
[2]	Finkelstein R, Reeves W, Ariizumi T, et al. Molecular aspects of seed dormancy [J]. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2008, 59: 387-415.
[3]	王艳梅, 张小雪, 朱秀征, 等. 林木种子休眠与萌发机制研究进展 [J]. 林业科学, 2021, 57(10): 128-144.
	Wang YM, Zhang XX, Zhu XZ, et al. Research progress on dormancy and germination mechanism of forest seeds [J]. Sci Silvae Sin, 2021, 57(10): 128-144.
[4]	Du L, Xu F, Fang J, et al. Endosperm sugar accumulation caused by mutation of PHS8/ISA1 leads to pre-harvest sprouting in rice [J]. Plant J, 2018, 95(3): 545-556.
[5]	Chen WQ, Wang W, Lyu YS, et al. OsVP1 activates Sdr4 expression to control rice seed dormancy via the ABA signaling pathway [J]. Crop J, 2021, 9(1): 68-78.
[6]	Buijs G. A perspective on secondary seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Plants, 2020, 9(6): 749.
[7]	Finch-Savage WE, Footitt S. Seed dormancy cycling and the regulation of dormancy mechanisms to time germination in variable field environments [J]. J Exp Bot, 2017, 68(4): 843-856.
[8]	Baskin JM, Baskin CC. A classification system for seed dormancy [J]. Seed Sci Res, 2004, 14(1): 1-16.
[9]	Baskin JM, Baskin CC. Some considerations for adoption of Nikolaeva’s formula system into seed dormancy classification [J]. Seed Sci Res, 2008, 18(3): 131-137.
[10]	Farooq MA, Ma W, Shen SX, et al. Underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms for seed germination [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(15): 8502.
[11]	Batlla D, Benech-Arnold RL. Predicting changes in dormancy level in natural seed soil banks [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 2010, 73(1/2): 3-13.
[12]	Schmuths H, Bachmann K, Weber WE, et al. Effects of preconditioning and temperature during germination of 73 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Ann Bot, 2006, 97(4): 623-634.
[13]	Yamauchi Y, Ogawa M, Kuwahara A, et al. Activation of gibberellin biosynthesis and response pathways by low temperature during imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(2): 367-378.
[14]	Achard P, Gong F, Cheminant S, et al. The cold-inducible CBF1 factor-dependent signaling pathway modulates the accumulation of the growth-repressing DELLA proteins via its effect on gibberellin metabolism [J]. Plant Cell, 2008, 20(8): 2117-2129.
[15]	Stockinger EJ, Gilmour SJ, Thomashow MF. Arabidopsis thaliana CBF1 encodes an AP2 domain-containing transcriptional activator that binds to the C-repeat/DRE, a cis-acting DNA regulatory element that stimulates transcription in response to low temperature and water deficit [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1997, 94(3): 1035-1040.
[16]	Kendall SL, Hellwege A, Marriot P, et al. Induction of dormancy in Arabidopsis summer annuals requires parallel regulation of DOG1 and hormone metabolism by low temperature and CBF transcription factors [J]. Plant Cell, 2011, 23(7): 2568-2580.
[17]	Hyvärinen L, Fuchs C, Utz-Pugin A, et al. Temperature-dependent polar lignification of a seed coat suberin layer promoting dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2025, 122(6): e2413627122.
[18]	Martel C, Blair LK, Donohue K. PHYD prevents secondary dormancy establishment of seeds exposed to high temperature and is associated with lower PIL5 accumulation [J]. J Exp Bot, 2018, 69(12): 3157-3169.
[19]	de Wit M, Galvão VC, Fankhauser C. Light-mediated hormonal regulation of plant growth and development [J]. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2016, 67: 513-537.
[20]	Yang LW, Liu SR, Lin RC. The role of light in regulating seed dormancy and germination [J]. J Integr Plant Biol, 2020, 62(9): 1310-1326.
[21]	Barrero JM, Downie AB, Xu Q, et al. A role for barley CRYPTOCHROME1 in light regulation of grain dormancy and germination [J]. Plant Cell, 2014, 26(3): 1094-1104.
[22]	Fantini E, Facella P. Cryptochromes in the field: how blue light influences crop development [J]. Physiol Plant, 2020, 169(3): 336-346.
[23]	de Oliveira R, Alves FRR, da Rocha Prado E, et al. CRYPTOCHROME 1a-mediated blue light perception regulates tomato seed germination via changes in hormonal balance and endosperm-degrading hydrolase dynamics [J]. Planta, 2023, 257(4): 67.
[24]	Jiang Z, Xu G, Jing Y, et al. Phytochrome B and REVEILLE1/2-mediated signalling controls seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis [J]. Nat Commun, 2016, 7(1): 12377.
[25]	Heschel MS, Butler CM, Barua D, et al. New roles of phytochromes during seed germination [J]. Int J Plant Sci, 2008, 169(4): 531-540.
[26]	Lefebvre V, North H, Frey A, et al. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis NCED6 and NCED9 genes indicates that ABA synthesized in the endosperm is involved in the induction of seed dormancy [J]. Plant J, 2006, 45(3): 309-319.
[27]	Hao CH, Pang C, Yang LN, et al. Myosin-binding protein 13 mediates primary seed dormancy via abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant J, 2024, 120(5): 2193-2206.
[28]	Okamoto M, Kuwahara A, Seo M, et al. CYP707A1 and CYP707A2, which encode abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylases, are indispensable for proper control of seed dormancy and germination in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Physiol, 2006, 141(1): 97-107.
[29]	Zhao FK, Ma Q, Li YJ, et al. OsNAC2 regulates seed dormancy and germination in rice by inhibiting ABA catabolism [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2023, 682: 335-342.
[30]	Née G, Krüger T. Dry side of the core: a meta-analysis addressing the original nature of the ABA signalosome at the onset of seed imbibition [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2023, 14: 1192652.
[31]	Yang C, Li XB, Chen SQ, et al. ABI5-FLZ13 module transcriptionally represses growth-related genes to delay seed germination in response to ABA [J]. Plant Commun, 2023, 4(6): 100636.
[32]	Nie KL, Zhao HY, Wang XP, et al. The MIEL1-ABI5/MYB30 regulatory module fine tunes abscisic acid signaling during seed germination [J]. J Integr Plant Biol, 2022, 64(4): 930-941.
[33]	Varshney V, Majee M. JA shakes hands with ABA to delay seed germination [J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2021, 26(8): 764-766.
[34]	Yu JL, Yang L, Liu XB, et al. Overexpression of poplar pyrabactin resistance-like abscisic acid receptors promotes abscisic acid sensitivity and drought resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis [J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(12): e0168040.
[35]	Nishimura N, Tsuchiya W, Moresco JJ, et al. Control of seed dormancy and germination by DOG1-AHG1 PP2C phosphatase complex via binding to heme [J]. Nat Commun, 2018, 9(1): 2132.
[36]	Kim W, Lee Y, Park J, et al. HONSU, a protein phosphatase 2C, regulates seed dormancy by inhibiting ABA signaling in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2013, 54(4): 555-572.
[37]	Mao XX, Zheng XY, Sun BR, et al. MKK3 cascade regulates seed dormancy through a negative feedback loop modulating ABA signal in rice [J]. Rice, 2024, 17(1): 2.
[38]	Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y. Gibberellin biosynthesis: its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2000, 41(3): 251-257.
[39]	Zhang W, Qu LW, Zhao J, et al. Practical methods for breaking seed dormancy in a wild ornamental tulip species Tulipa thianschanica regel [J]. Agronomy, 2020, 10(11): 1765.
[40]	Ye H, Feng JH, Zhang LH, et al. Map-based cloning of seed Dormancy1-2 identified a gibberellin synthesis gene regulating the development of endosperm-imposed dormancy in rice [J]. Plant Physiol, 2015, 169(3): 2152-2165.
[41]	Xing MQ, Chen SH, Zhang XF, et al. Rice OsGA2ox9 regulates seed GA metabolism and dormancy [J]. Plant Biotechnol J, 2023, 21(12): 2411-2413.
[42]	Claeys H, De Bodt S, Inzé D. Gibberellins and DELLAs: central nodes in growth regulatory networks [J]. Trends Plant Sci, 2014, 19(4): 231-239.
[43]	Penfield S, Gilday AD, Halliday KJ, et al. DELLA-mediated Cotyledon expansion breaks coat-imposed seed dormancy [J]. Curr Biol, 2006, 16(23): 2366-2370.
[44]	Ariizumi T, Hauvermale AL, Nelson SK, et al. Lifting della repression of Arabidopsis seed germination by nonproteolytic gibberellin signaling [J]. Plant Physiol, 2013, 162(4): 2125-2139.
[45]	Kim S, Huh SM, Han HJ, et al. A rice seed-specific Glycine-rich protein OsDOR1 interacts with GID1 to repress GA signaling and regulates seed dormancy [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 2023, 111(6): 523-539.
[46]	Ali F, Qanmber G, Li FG, et al. Updated role of ABA in seed maturation, dormancy, and germination [J]. J Adv Res, 2022, 35: 199-214.
[47]	Xian BS, Rehmani MS, Fan YN, et al. The ABI4-RGL2 module serves as a double agent to mediate the antagonistic crosstalk between ABA and GA signals [J]. New Phytol, 2024, 241(6): 2464-2479.
[48]	Shu K, Liu XD, Xie Q, et al. Two faces of one seed: hormonal regulation of dormancy and germination [J]. Mol Plant, 2016, 9(1): 34-45.
[49]	Shu K, Zhang HW, Wang SF, et al. ABI4 regulates primary seed dormancy by regulating the biogenesis of abscisic acid and gibberellins in Arabidopsis [J]. PLoS Genet, 2013, 9(6): e1003577.
[50]	Cantoro R, Crocco CD, Benech-Arnold RL, et al. In vitro binding of sorghum bicolor transcription factors ABI4 and ABI5 to a conserved region of a GA 2-OXIDASE promoter: possible role of this interaction in the expression of seed dormancy [J]. J Exp Bot, 2013, 64(18): 5721-5735.
[51]	Wang X, Gomes MM, Bailly C, et al. Role of ethylene and proteolytic N-degron pathway in the regulation of Arabidopsis seed dormancy [J]. J Integr Plant Biol, 2021, 63(12): 2110-2122.
[52]	Wilson RL, Kim H, Bakshi A, et al. The ethylene receptors ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE2 have contrasting roles in seed germination of Arabidopsis during salt stress [J]. Plant Physiol, 2014, 165(3): 1353-1366.
[53]	Carrera-Castaño G, Mira S, Fañanás-Pueyo I, et al. Complex control of seed germination timing by ERF50 involves RGL2 antagonism and negative feedback regulation of DOG1 [J]. New Phytol, 2024, 242(5): 2026-2042.
[54]	Dave A, Vaistij FE, Gilday AD, et al. Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana seed dormancy and germination by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid [J]. J Exp Bot, 2016, 67(8): 2277-2284.
[55]	Liu XD, Zhang H, Zhao Y, et al. Auxin controls seed dormancy through stimulation of abscisic acid signaling by inducing ARF-mediated ABI₃ activation in Arabidopsis [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(38): 15485-15490.
[56]	Liu PP, Montgomery TA, Fahlgren N, et al. Repression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR10 by microRNA160 is critical for seed germination and post-germination stages [J]. Plant J, 2007, 52(1): 133-146.
[57]	Duan SY, Guan SX, Fei RW, et al. Unraveling the role of PlARF2 in regulating deed formancy in Paeonia lactiflora [J]. Planta, 2024, 259(6): 133.
[58]	Pan JJ, Wang HP, You QG, et al. Jasmonate-regulated seed germination and crosstalk with other phytohormones [J]. J Exp Bot, 2023, 74(4): 1162-1175.
[59]	Pan JJ, Hu YR, Wang HP, et al. Molecular mechanism underlying the synergetic effect of jasmonate on abscisic acid signaling during seed germination in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2020, 32(12): 3846-3865.
[60]	Hu YR, Yu DQ. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 interacts with ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 to mediate the antagonism of brassinosteroids to abscisic acid during seed germination in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2014, 26(11): 4394-4408.
[61]	Hao YH, Zeng ZX, Zhang XL, et al. Green means go: Green light promotes hypocotyl elongation via brassinosteroid signaling [J]. Plant Cell, 2023, 35(5): 1304-1317.
[62]	Zhao X, Dou LR, Gong ZZ, et al. BES1 hinders ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 and promotes seed germination in Arabidopsis [J]. New Phytol, 2019, 221(2): 908-918.
[63]	Carrillo-Barral N, Rodríguez-Gacio MDC, Matilla AJ. Delay of germination-1 (DOG1): a key to understanding seed dormancy [J]. Plants, 2020, 9(4): 480.
[64]	Chiang GCK, Bartsch M, Barua D, et al. DOG1 expression is predicted by the seed-maturation environment and contributes to geographical variation in germination in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Mol Ecol, 2011, 20(16): 3336-3349.
[65]	Bryant FM, Hughes D, Hassani-Pak K, et al. Basic leucine zipper transcription factor67 transactivates DELAY of GERMINATION1 to establish primary seed dormancy in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2019, 31(6): 1276-1288.
[66]	Murphey M, Kovach K, Elnacash T, et al. DOG1-imposed dormancy mediates germination responses to temperature cues [J]. Environ Exp Bot, 2015, 112: 33-43.
[67]	Deng GL, Sun HQ, Hu YL, et al. A transcription factor WRKY36 interacts with AFP2 to break primary seed dormancy by progressively silencing DOG1 in Arabidopsis [J]. New Phytol, 2023, 238(2): 688-704.
[68]	Jing H, Liu W, Qu GP, et al. SUMOylation of AL6 regulates seed dormancy and thermoinhibition in Arabidopsis [J]. New Phytol, 2025, 245(3): 1040-1055.
[69]	Ding ZJ, Yan JY, Li GX, et al. WRKY41 controls Arabidopsis seed dormancy via direct regulation of ABI3 transcript levels not downstream of ABA [J]. Plant J, 2014, 79(5): 810-823.
[70]	Feng CZ, Chen Y, Wang C, et al. Arabidopsis RAV1 transcription factor, phosphorylated by SnRK2 kinases, regulates the expression of ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5 during seed germination and early seedling development [J]. Plant J, 2014, 80(4): 654-668.
[71]	Luo XF, Dai YJ, Xian BS, et al. PIF4 interacts with ABI4 to serve as a transcriptional activator complex to promote seed dormancy by enhancing ABA biosynthesis and signaling [J]. J Integr Plant Biol, 2024, 66(5): 909-927.
[72]	Zheng XN, Mo WL, Zuo ZC, et al. From regulation to application: the role of abscisic acid in seed and fruit development and agronomic production strategies [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2024, 25(22): 12024.
[73]	Lee HG, Lee K, Seo PJ. The Arabidopsis MYB96 transcription factor plays a role in seed dormancy [J]. Plant Mol Biol, 2015, 87(4/5): 371-381.
[74]	Yamamoto A, Kagaya Y, Usui H, et al. Diverse roles and mechanisms of gene regulation by the Arabidopsis seed maturation master regulator FUS3 revealed by microarray analysis [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2010, 51(12): 2031-2046.
[75]	Magome H, Yamaguchi S, Hanada A, et al. The DDF1 transcriptional activator upregulates expression of a gibberellin-deactivating gene, GA2ox7, under high-salinity stress in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant J, 2008, 56(4): 613-626.
[76]	Yamauchi Y, Takeda-Kamiya N, Hanada A, et al. Contribution of gibberellin deactivation by AtGA2ox2 to the suppression of germination of dark-imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds [J]. Plant Cell Physiol, 2007, 48(3): 555-561.
[77]	Huang Y, Feng CZ, Ye Q, et al. Arabidopsis WRKY6 transcription factor acts as a positive regulator of abscisic acid signaling during seed germination and early seedling development [J]. PLoS Genet, 2016, 12(2): e1005833.
[78]	Xiang Y, Nakabayashi K, Ding J, et al. Reduced Dormancy5 encodes a protein phosphatase 2C that is required for seed dormancy in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2014, 26(11): 4362-4375.
[79]	Xiang Y, Song BX, Née G, et al. Sequence polymorphisms at the REDUCED DORMANCY5 pseudophosphatase underlie natural variation in Arabidopsis dormancy [J]. Plant Physiol, 2016, 171(4): 2659-2670.
[80]	Liu F, Zhang H, Ding L, et al. REVERSAL OF RDO5 1, a homolog of rice seed Dormancy4, interacts with bHLH57 and controls ABA biosynthesis and seed dormancy in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Cell, 2020, 32(6): 1933-1948.
[81]	Cao H, Han Y, Li JY, et al. Arabidopsis thaliana SEED DORMANCY 4-LIKE regulates dormancy and germination by mediating the gibberellin pathway [J]. J Exp Bot, 2020, 71(3): 919-933.
[82]	Zheng LP, Otani M, Kanno Y, et al. Seed dormancy 4 like1 of Arabidopsis is a key regulator of phase transition from embryo to vegetative development [J]. Plant J, 2022, 112(2): 460-475.
[83]	Zhang YJ, Miao XL, Xia XC, et al. Cloning of seed dormancy genes (TaSdr) associated with tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting in common wheat and development of a functional marker [J]. Theor Appl Genet, 2014, 127(4): 855-866.
[84]	Sugimoto K, Takeuchi Y, Ebana K, et al. Molecular cloning of Sdr4, a regulator involved in seed dormancy and domestication of rice [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010, 107(13): 5792-5797.
[85]	Sajeev N, Koornneef M, Bentsink L. A commitment for life: Decades of unraveling the molecular mechanisms behind seed dormancy and germination [J]. Plant Cell, 2024, 36(5): 1358-1376.
[86]	Hu HM, Du JM. Structure and mechanism of histone methylation dynamics in Arabidopsis [J]. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 2022, 67: 102211.
[87]	Lu FL, Cui X, Zhang SB, et al. Arabidopsis REF6 is a histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase [J]. Nat Genet, 2011, 43(7): 715-719.
[88]	Chen HH, Tong JH, Fu W, et al. The H3K27me3 demethylase RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING6 suppresses seed dormancy by inducing abscisic acid catabolism [J]. Plant Physiol, 2020, 184(4): 1969-1978.
[89]	Footitt S, Müller K, Kermode AR, et al. Seed dormancy cycling in Arabidopsis: chromatin remodelling and regulation of DOG1 in response to seasonal environmental signals [J]. Plant J, 2015, 81(3): 413-425.
[90]	Zheng J, Chen FY, Wang Z, et al. A novel role for histone methyltransferase KYP/SUVH4 in the control of Arabidopsis primary seed dormancy [J]. New Phytol, 2012, 193(3): 605-616.
[91]	Gu DC, Ji RJ, He CM, et al. Arabidopsis histone methyltransferase SUVH5 is a positive regulator of light-mediated seed germination [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2019, 10: 841.
[92]	Zha P, Liu SR, Li Y, et al. The evening complex and the chromatin-remodeling factor PICKLE coordinately control seed dormancy by directly repressing DOG1 in Arabidopsis [J]. Plant Commun, 2019, 1(2): 100011.
[93]	Gomez-Cabellos S, Toorop PE, Cañal MJ, et al. Global DNA methylation and cellular 5-methylcytosine and H4 acetylated patterns in primary and secondary dormant seeds of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherd’s purse) [J]. Protoplasma, 2022, 259(3): 595-614.
[94]	Han YT, Georgii E, Priego-Cubero S, et al. Arabidopsis histone deacetylase HD2A and HD2B regulate seed dormancy by repressing DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2023, 14: 1124899.
[95]	Chen XC, MacGregor DR, Stefanato FL, et al. A VEL3 histone deacetylase complex establishes a maternal epigenetic state controlling progeny seed dormancy [J]. Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1): 2220.
[96]	Liu YX, Koornneef M, Soppe WJJ. The absence of histone H2B monoubiquitination in the Arabidopsis hub1 (rdo4) mutant reveals a role for chromatin remodeling in seed dormancy [J]. Plant Cell, 2007, 19(2): 433-444.
[97]	Luján-Soto E, Dinkova TD. Time to wake up: epigenetic and small-RNA-mediated regulation during seed germination [J]. Plants, 2021, 10(2): 236.
[98]	Zhu HF, Xie WX, Xu DC, et al. DNA demethylase ROS1 negatively regulates the imprinting of DOGL4 and seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2018, 115(42): E9962-E9970.
[99]	Sall K, Dekkers BJW, Nonogaki M, et al. DELAY OF GERMINATION 1-LIKE 4 acts as an inducer of seed reserve accumulation [J]. Plant J, 2019, 100(1): 7-19.
[100]	Kawakatsu T, Ecker JR. Diversity and dynamics of DNA methylation: epigenomic resources and tools for crop breeding [J]. Breed Sci, 2019, 69(2): 191-204.
[101]	Prudencio ÁS, Werner O, Martínez-García PJ, et al. DNA methylation analysis of dormancy release in almond (Prunus dulcis) flower buds using epi-genotyping by sequencing [J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 19(11): 3542.
[102]	Das SS, Karmakar P, Nandi AK, et al. Small RNA mediated regulation of seed germination [J]. Front Plant Sci, 2015, 6: 828.
[103]	Nodine MD, Bartel DP. microRNAs prevent precocious gene expression and enable pattern formation during plant embryogenesis [J]. Genes Dev, 2010, 24(23): 2678-2692.
[104]	Huo HQ, Wei SH, Bradford KJ. DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) regulates both seed dormancy and flowering time through microRNA pathways [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2016, 113(15): E2199-E2206.

基因 Gene	突变体休眠水平 Dormancy level in mutants	基本功能 Function	调控因子 Regulation factor	参考文献 Reference
DOG1	降低	种子休眠正调控因子	bZIP67反式激活DOG1	［65］
DOG1	降低	种子休眠正调控因子	ERF50直接抑制DOG1	［53］
ABI3	降低	促进种子发育，抑制种子萌发	WRKY41 促进ABI3转录	［69］
ABI3	降低	促进种子发育，抑制种子萌发	RAV1直接下调ABI3的表达	［70］
ABI4	降低	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	PIF4和ABI4形成转录激活复合体，促进休眠	［71］
ABI4	降低	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	MYB96下调ABI4的表达	［72］
ABI5	变化不显著	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	RAV1直接下调ABI5的表达	［70］
ABI5	变化不显著	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	BIN2磷酸化并稳定ABI5以增强ABA信号传导	［60］
NCED6/9	变化不显著	ABA合成途径关键代谢酶	MYB96激活NCED6的表达	［73］
NCED6/9	变化不显著	ABA合成途径关键代谢酶	FUS3增强NCED6和NCED9的表达	［74］
CYP707A1/2	增加	ABA分解途径关键代谢酶	ABI4抑制CYP707A1/2的表达	［49］
GA2oxs	降低	GA失活基因，GA含量在突变体中上调	DDF1直接促进GA2ox7的表达，从而降低GA含量	［75-76］
WRKY6	变化不显著	直接结合关键靶基因RAV1的启动子抑制其表达，进而调控ABA	—	［77］
HONSU	增强	HONSU通过抑制ABA信号传导调节拟南芥种子休眠。	—	［36］
AHG1/3	增加	萌发过程中ABA响应的负调控因子	DOG1抑制AHG1的磷酸酶活性	［35］

基因 Gene	突变体休眠水平 Dormancy level in mutants	基本功能 Function	调控因子 Regulation factor	参考文献 Reference
DOG1	降低	种子休眠正调控因子	bZIP67反式激活DOG1	［65］
DOG1	降低	种子休眠正调控因子	ERF50直接抑制DOG1	［53］
ABI3	降低	促进种子发育，抑制种子萌发	WRKY41 促进ABI3转录	［69］
ABI3	降低	促进种子发育，抑制种子萌发	RAV1直接下调ABI3的表达	［70］
ABI4	降低	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	PIF4和ABI4形成转录激活复合体，促进休眠	［71］
ABI4	降低	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	MYB96下调ABI4的表达	［72］
ABI5	变化不显著	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	RAV1直接下调ABI5的表达	［70］
ABI5	变化不显著	正调控ABA信号途径，抑制种子萌发	BIN2磷酸化并稳定ABI5以增强ABA信号传导	［60］
NCED6/9	变化不显著	ABA合成途径关键代谢酶	MYB96激活NCED6的表达	［73］
NCED6/9	变化不显著	ABA合成途径关键代谢酶	FUS3增强NCED6和NCED9的表达	［74］
CYP707A1/2	增加	ABA分解途径关键代谢酶	ABI4抑制CYP707A1/2的表达	［49］
GA2oxs	降低	GA失活基因，GA含量在突变体中上调	DDF1直接促进GA2ox7的表达，从而降低GA含量	［75-76］
WRKY6	变化不显著	直接结合关键靶基因RAV1的启动子抑制其表达，进而调控ABA	—	［77］
HONSU	增强	HONSU通过抑制ABA信号传导调节拟南芥种子休眠。	—	［36］
AHG1/3	增加	萌发过程中ABA响应的负调控因子	DOG1抑制AHG1的磷酸酶活性	［35］