Advances in the Symbiotic Mechanisms of Anaerobic Methanotrophic Archaea

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1100

Abstract

Abstract:

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a key process in the global carbon cycle, playing a vital role in curbing methane emissions and mitigating climate change. The primary mediators of this process are anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME), which oxidize methane either independently or in cooperation with partner bacteria by coupling AOM to terminal electron acceptors with varying redox potentials, such as sulfate, humic substances, metal oxides, and nitrate. AOM coupled to sulfate reduction yields extremely low Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°' = -17 kJ/mol), and the energy yield must be efficiently allocated with their symbiotic sulfate-reducing bacterial (SRB). Consequently, the symbiotic mechanism in AOM has been a central research focus since the discovery of ANME in 1999. This review outlines the research progress on the microorganisms mediating AOM, with an emphasis on three hypothesized symbiotic models between ANME and SRB: diffusible chemical intermediates, zero-valent sulfur, and direct interspecies electron transport. Additionally, we summarize the phylogenetic diversity and potential interaction mechanisms of ANME and their symbiotic or associated partners revealed by environmental observations and enrichment cultures. Together, these advances have not only enhanced our understanding of the AOM process but also paved the way to uncover the full range of interspecies interaction mechanisms and broaden potential biotechnological applications.

Key words: anaerobic oxidation of methane, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, symbiotic mechanism, direct interspecies electron transport, sulfate-reducing bacteria

ZHAO Yu-ting, YU Hang. Advances in the Symbiotic Mechanisms of Anaerobic Methanotrophic Archaea[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(2): 3-16.

Figures/Tables 2

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厌氧甲烷氧化古菌 Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea （ANME）	共生/伴生微生物 Symbiotic/Associated microorganism	电子受体/代谢特征 Electron acceptor/Metabolic characteristics	参考文献 Reference
ANME-1 （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［65-66，89］
	SEEP-SRB1 （ETH-SRB1）	Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅳ）/潜在金属还原	［22］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［70］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［39，70，109，112］
	Candidatus Desulfofervidus	SO₄^2-	［93］
	Candidatus Desulfaltia	SO₄^2-	［113］
ANME-1 （Guaymas cluster）	*HotSeep-1 （Candidatus* Desulfofervidus auxilia）**	SO₄^2-	［38-39，56，96，99，112］
ANME-1a （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*HotSeep-1 （Candidatus* Desulfofervidus auxilia）**	SO₄^2-	［60，100］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［60］
	Verrucomicrobia	可能利用细胞分泌的有机渗出物或胞外聚合物	［120］
ANME-1b （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［50］
ANME-2 （Unknown subgroup）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［14，33，61，65，67，89-90，108-109，115-116，128］
	Desulfobulbaceae （DSB）	SO₄^2-	［116］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［70］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［39］
	Candidate division JS-1 （Atribacterota）	可能受益于AOM过程或相关代谢物	［64］
ANME-2a （Candidatus Methanocomedens）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［18，68-69］
	SEEP-SRB1	SO₄^2-	［93］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［40，92，110，112，117］
	Methanococcoides，Anaerolineales	可能依赖体系内有机物降解获取能量	［40］
ANME-2b （Candidatus Methanomarinus）	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［117］
ANME-2b （Candidatus Methanomarinus）	*SEEP-SRB1g （Candidatus* Desulfomellonium）**	SO₄^2-	［112，117］
ANME-2c （Candidatus Methanogasteraceae）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［18，68-69，114，118］
	SEEP-SRB1 （ETH-SRB1）	Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅳ）/潜在金属还原	［22］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［92，95，110，112，117］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［60，109，112］
	Desulfobulbaceae （seepDBB/unknown subgroup）	SO₄^2-	［114，118］
	Betaproteobacteria	可能提供了新的氮代谢途径	［114］
ANME-2c or ANME-2b	non-SEEP-SRB1a Deltaproteobacteria	SO₄^2-	［95］
ANME-2d （Candidatus Methanoperedens）	Geobacteraceae	生物阳极、生物炭、腐殖质/介导电子传递	［106-107］
ANME-2d （Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens）	Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis	NO₃^-/能够将亚硝酸盐还原为氮气	［15］［17］
ANME-3 （Candidatus Methanovorans）	Desulfobulbus （DBB）	SO₄^2-	［61，71］
ANME-3 （Candidatus Methanovorans）	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［110］

厌氧甲烷氧化古菌 Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea （ANME）	共生/伴生微生物 Symbiotic/Associated microorganism	电子受体/代谢特征 Electron acceptor/Metabolic characteristics	参考文献 Reference
ANME-1 （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［65-66，89］
	SEEP-SRB1 （ETH-SRB1）	Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅳ）/潜在金属还原	［22］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［70］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［39，70，109，112］
	Candidatus Desulfofervidus	SO₄^2-	［93］
	Candidatus Desulfaltia	SO₄^2-	［113］
ANME-1 （Guaymas cluster）	*HotSeep-1 （Candidatus* Desulfofervidus auxilia）**	SO₄^2-	［38-39，56，96，99，112］
ANME-1a （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*HotSeep-1 （Candidatus* Desulfofervidus auxilia）**	SO₄^2-	［60，100］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［60］
	Verrucomicrobia	可能利用细胞分泌的有机渗出物或胞外聚合物	［120］
ANME-1b （Candidatus Methanophagaceae）	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［50］
ANME-2 （Unknown subgroup）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［14，33，61，65，67，89-90，108-109，115-116，128］
	Desulfobulbaceae （DSB）	SO₄^2-	［116］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［70］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［39］
	Candidate division JS-1 （Atribacterota）	可能受益于AOM过程或相关代谢物	［64］
ANME-2a （Candidatus Methanocomedens）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［18，68-69］
	SEEP-SRB1	SO₄^2-	［93］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［40，92，110，112，117］
	Methanococcoides，Anaerolineales	可能依赖体系内有机物降解获取能量	［40］
ANME-2b （Candidatus Methanomarinus）	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［117］
ANME-2b （Candidatus Methanomarinus）	*SEEP-SRB1g （Candidatus* Desulfomellonium）**	SO₄^2-	［112，117］
ANME-2c （Candidatus Methanogasteraceae）	*Desulfobacteraceae （Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus）（DSS）*	SO₄^2-	［18，68-69，114，118］
	SEEP-SRB1 （ETH-SRB1）	Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅳ）/潜在金属还原	［22］
	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［92，95，110，112，117］
	*SEEP-SRB2 （Candidatus* Desulfomithrium）**	SO₄^2-	［60，109，112］
	Desulfobulbaceae （seepDBB/unknown subgroup）	SO₄^2-	［114，118］
	Betaproteobacteria	可能提供了新的氮代谢途径	［114］
ANME-2c or ANME-2b	non-SEEP-SRB1a Deltaproteobacteria	SO₄^2-	［95］
ANME-2d （Candidatus Methanoperedens）	Geobacteraceae	生物阳极、生物炭、腐殖质/介导电子传递	［106-107］
ANME-2d （Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens）	Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis	NO₃^-/能够将亚硝酸盐还原为氮气	［15］［17］
ANME-3 （Candidatus Methanovorans）	Desulfobulbus （DBB）	SO₄^2-	［61，71］
ANME-3 （Candidatus Methanovorans）	*SEEP-SRB1a （Candidatus* Syntrophophila）**	SO₄^2-	［110］