Research Progress of AA9 Family Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-1444

Abstract

Abstract:

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can cleave glycosidic bonds in polysaccharide chains such as cellulose through oxidative cleavage. When acting synergistically with glycoside hydrolases in lignocellulose degradation, LPMOs significantly enhance sugar release efficiency, playing a crucial role in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Among them, fungal LPMOs from the AA9 family exhibit broad substrate spectra and excellent oxidative activity, demonstrating great application potential in the food, energy, and materials industries. This review systematically summarizes the diversity of sources and functions of AA9 family LPMOs, highlighting that LPMOs from different origins exhibit marked differences in their promoting effects on glycoside hydrolases and substrate degradation patterns. In-depth structural analysis reveals that the Loop regions on the surface of the catalytic domain play a central regulatory role in substrate recognition, binding, and regioselectivity of oxidation. Additionally, in multi-domain LPMOs, the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) significantly influences the process of substrate binding. Furthermore, this review compares the principles and applicability of various activity measurement methods, including MALDI-TOF-MS, HPAEC-PAD, and colorimetric assays, indicating that combined chromatography-mass spectrometry strategies are among the most widely used approaches for the quantitative analysis of LPMO oxidation products. Finally, the considerable application potential of LPMOs in food processing, bioenergy, and nanocellulose preparation is discussed in detail. Therefore, the discovery of novel LPMO enzymes or the molecular engineering of existing ones to obtain new enzyme preparations more suitable for industrial applications is an important direction for current research. Moreover, this review deeply analyzes the key technical challenges in current AA9 family LPMO research, including functional characterization of enzyme resources, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying substrate specificity, and improvement of practical application efficiency. Targeted future research directions and strategic suggestions are proposed, such as mining novel enzymes using metagenomics, integrating structural prediction and machine learning to analyze substrate selectivity, and performing targeted enzyme molecular engineering tailored to different pretreatment processes. This review aims to provide a theoretical reference for the development, application, and molecular engineering of AA9 family LPMOs.

Key words: lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase, AA9 family, functional regulation mechanism, oxidative regioselectivity, synergistic catalysis, activity assay, industrial application

LI Cong, YU Ru-yun, ZHENG Fei, GUO Yu-jie. Research Progress of AA9 Family Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2026, 42(11): 45-57.

Figures/Tables 7

References 76

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名称 Name	来源 Source	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
AfAA9B	Aspergillus fumigatus	与纤维素酶协同作用，使汽爆甘蔗渣的糖化效率提升20%	［21］
MsLPMO2	Morchella sextelata	与纤维素酶联用，使稻草和小麦秸秆的还原糖产量分别提升126.4%和133.5%	［7］
MtLPMO9A	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	突变体与木聚糖酶协同作用，使木聚糖的还原糖产量提高57%	［22］
MtLPMO9G	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升242%	［23］
MtLPMO9V	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	与内切葡聚糖酶协同作用，对微晶纤维素的协同效率可达120%	［24］
NcLPMO9C	Neurospora crassa	与纤维二糖水解酶联用，使高结晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升169%	［25］
PaLPMO9B	Podospora anserina	与纤维素酶协同，使酸和碱预处理甘蔗渣的还原糖产量分别提升了30%和20%	［26］
PaLPMO9H	Podospora anserina	与纤维二糖水解酶协同，使PASC的还原糖产量提升60%	［27］
PchAA9C	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升1.34倍	［12］
PchAA9F	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升1.33倍	［12］
PdLPMO9A	Pleurotus djamor	与纤维素酶共同作用，使玉米秸秆还原糖产量提高63.5%	［28］
SbLPMO9A	Sordaria brevicollis	与商业纤维素酶协同，使去木质素小麦秸秆的总还原糖产量提升65%	［29］
SbLPMO9B	Sordaria brevicollis	与商业纤维素酶协同，使无定形纤维素的总还原糖产量提升101%	［29］
TaLPMO9A	Thermoascus aurantiacus	与纤维素酶协同，使微晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升了1.2倍	［30］
TtLPMO9E	Thermothielavioides terrestris	与纤维素酶协同，使微晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升了1.9倍	［30］
TtLPMO9G	Thermothielavioides terrestris	与木聚糖酶联用，使木聚糖的释放量增加42%	［31］

名称 Name	来源 Source	功能 Function	参考文献 Reference
AfAA9B	Aspergillus fumigatus	与纤维素酶协同作用，使汽爆甘蔗渣的糖化效率提升20%	［21］
MsLPMO2	Morchella sextelata	与纤维素酶联用，使稻草和小麦秸秆的还原糖产量分别提升126.4%和133.5%	［7］
MtLPMO9A	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	突变体与木聚糖酶协同作用，使木聚糖的还原糖产量提高57%	［22］
MtLPMO9G	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升242%	［23］
MtLPMO9V	Thermothelomyces thermophilus	与内切葡聚糖酶协同作用，对微晶纤维素的协同效率可达120%	［24］
NcLPMO9C	Neurospora crassa	与纤维二糖水解酶联用，使高结晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升169%	［25］
PaLPMO9B	Podospora anserina	与纤维素酶协同，使酸和碱预处理甘蔗渣的还原糖产量分别提升了30%和20%	［26］
PaLPMO9H	Podospora anserina	与纤维二糖水解酶协同，使PASC的还原糖产量提升60%	［27］
PchAA9C	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升1.34倍	［12］
PchAA9F	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	与纤维素酶联用，使玉米秸秆的还原糖产量提升1.33倍	［12］
PdLPMO9A	Pleurotus djamor	与纤维素酶共同作用，使玉米秸秆还原糖产量提高63.5%	［28］
SbLPMO9A	Sordaria brevicollis	与商业纤维素酶协同，使去木质素小麦秸秆的总还原糖产量提升65%	［29］
SbLPMO9B	Sordaria brevicollis	与商业纤维素酶协同，使无定形纤维素的总还原糖产量提升101%	［29］
TaLPMO9A	Thermoascus aurantiacus	与纤维素酶协同，使微晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升了1.2倍	［30］
TtLPMO9E	Thermothielavioides terrestris	与纤维素酶协同，使微晶纤维素的还原糖产量提升了1.9倍	［30］
TtLPMO9G	Thermothielavioides terrestris	与木聚糖酶联用，使木聚糖的释放量增加42%	［31］