Research Progress of Magnetosome Formation Genes and Proteins

Abstract

Abstract: Magnetotactic bacteria are able to synthesize nano-scale crystals called magnetosomes which contain a lipid bilayer membrane. Based on their bio-compatibility and well-dispersibility, these crystals are potentially to be widely applied in molecular biology, immunology, medicine, information storage, and the removal of heavy metals in polluted waters, so do the distinct theoretical significance in geology. Due to the unknown information for magnetosome formation and chain assembly, of which the main researches are focusing on Magnetospirullum, the majority of magnetotactic bacteria in the environment and their magnetotactic particles are difficult to study. Metagenomics focuses on the environmental samples to exploit the microbial sequences and functions with the pure culture waived, which can be applied in the research of environmental magnetotactic bacteria. The essay will briefly introduce the recent researches on genes and proteins referring to the magnetosome synthesis and chains assembly. Meanwhile, some researches on magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosomes using metagenomics technology were exhibited, and some viewpoints and prospects were put forward.

Key words: Magnetotactic bacteria, Magnetosomes, Metagenomics, Genes, Proteins

Liu Xinxing, Yun Hui, Xie Jianping, Huo Zhuanzhuan, Wu Haiyan, Yang Yingjie. Research Progress of Magnetosome Formation Genes and Proteins[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2013, 0(8): 28-35.

References

[1] Bellini S. Further studies on “magnetosensitive bacteria”[J]. Chin J Oceanol Limnol, 2009, 27：6-12.
[2] Bellini S. On a unique behavior of freshwater bacteria[J]. Chin J Oceanol Limnol, 2009, 27：3-5.
[3] Blakemore R. Magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Science, 1975, 190（4212）：377-379.
[4] Freitas F, Kein CN, Kachar B, et al. Envelop ultrastructure of uncultured naturally occurring magnetotactic cocci[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2003, 219：33-38.
[5] Xie JP, Liu XX, Liu WB, et al. Extraction of magnetosome from Acidthiobacillus ferrooxidans[J]. Biomagnetism, 2005, 5（3）：7-10.
[6] 梁万洁. Ferroplasma thermophilum L1体内磁性颗粒的形成及性质研究[D].长沙：中南大学, 2012.
[7] Lefevre CT, Abreu F, Schmidt ML, et al. Moderately thermophilic magnetotactic bacteria from hot springs in Nevada[J].App Environ Microbiol, 2010, 76（11）：3740-3743.
[8] Kolinko S, Jogler C, Katzmann E, et al. Single-cell analysis reveals a novel uncultivated magnetotactic bacterium within the candidate division OP3[J]. Environ Microbiol, 2012, 14（7）：1709-1721.
[9] Frankel RB. Magnetosome formation in prokaryote[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2004, 2：217-230.
[10] Simmons SL, Edwards KJ. Unexpected diversity in populations of the many-celled magnetotactic prokaryote[J]. Environ Microbiol, 2007, 9：206-215.
[11] Amann R, Peplies J, Schüler D. Diversity and taxonomy of magnetotactic bacteria[M]. Magnetoreception and Magnetosomes in Bacteria. Springer：Berlin, 2007：25-36.
[12] Flies C, Jonkers H, de Beer D, et al. Diversity and vertical distribution of magnetotactic bacteria along chemical gradients in freshwater microcosms[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2005, 52：185-195.
[13] Bazylinski DA, Garratt-Reed AJ, Frankel RB. Electron microscopic studies of magnetosomes in magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Microsc Res Tech, 1994, 27：389-401.
[14] Frankel RB, Blakemore RP, Wolfe RS. Magnetite in freshwater magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Science, 1979, 203（4387）：1355-1356.
[15] Farina M, Esquivel DMS, de Barros HGPL. Magnetic iron-sulphur crystals from a magnetotactic microorganism[J]. Nature, 1990, 343：256-258.
[16] Pósfai M, Buseck PR, Bazylinski DA, Frankel RB. Iron sulfides from magnetotactic bacteria：structure, compositions, and phase transitions[J]. Am Mineral, 1998, 83（11-12）：1469-1481.
[17] Mann S, Sparks NHC, Blakemore RP. Structure, morphology and crystal growth of anisotropic magnetite crystals in magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Biol Sci, 1987, 231：477-487.
[18] Thornhill RH, Burgess JG, Sakaguchi T, et al. A morphological classification of bacteria containing bullet-shaped magnetic particles[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1994, 115：169-176.
[19] Jogler C, Schuler D. Genomics, genetics, and cell biology of magne-tosome formation[J]. Annu Rev Microbiol, 2009, 63：501-521.
[20] Abreu F, Martins JL, Silveira TS, et al. ‘Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis'. a multicellular, magnetotactic prokaryote from a hypersaline environment[J]. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2007, 57：1318-1322.
[21] Yoza B. Fully automated DNA extraction from blood using magnetic particles modified with hyperbranched polyamid oamine dendrimer[J]. Biosci Bioeng, 2003, 95：21-26.
[22] Hergt R. Magnetic properties of bacterial magnetosomes as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools[J]. Magn Magn Mater, 2005, 293（1）：80-86.
[23] Matsunaga T, Suzuki T, Tanaka M, et al. Molecular analysis of magnetotactic bacteria and development of functional bacterial magnetic particles for nano-biotechnology[J]. Trends Biotechnol, 2007, 25（4）：183-188.
[24] Tanaka T, Matsunaga T. Fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay of insulin using antibody-protein A-bacterial magnetic particle complexes[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2000, 72（15）：3518-3522.
[25] Tanaka T, Hajime T, Fumiko U, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of 17β- estradiol in environmental water using automated immuno-assay system with bacterial magnetic particles[J]. J Biotechnol, 2004, 108（2）：153-159.
[26] Simon C, Daniel R. Achievements and new knowledge unraveled by metagenomic approaches[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2009, 85（2）：265- 276.
[27] Nakazawa H. Whole genome sequences of Desulfovibrio magneticus strain RS-1 revealed common gene clusters in magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Genome Res, 2009, 19：1801-1808.
[28] Grünberg K, Wawer C, Tebo BM, et al. A large gene cluster encoding several magnetosome proteins is conserved in different species of magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2001, 67（10）：4573-4582.
[29] Paoletti LC, Blakemore RP. Hydroxamate produktion by Aquaspir-illum magnetotacticum[J]. J Bacteriol, 1986, 167（23）：153-163.
[30] Calugay RJ, Miyashita H, Okamura Y, et al. Siderophore production by the magnetic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticumAMB-1[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2003, 218：371-375.
[31] Schüler D, Baeuerlein E. Iron-limiting growth and kinetics of iron uptake in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense[J]. Arch Microbiol, 1996, 166（5）：301-307.
[32] Wahyudi AT. Characterization of aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreduc-tase gene defective mutant in Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2003, 303（1）：223-229.
[33] Meng X, Jiang W, Yang L, et al. A novel ferric reductase purified from Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1[J]. Current Microbiology, 2007, 55：71-75.
[34] Rong CB, Huang YJ, Zhang WJ, et al. Ferrous iron transport protein B gene（feoB1）plays an accessory role in magnetosome formation in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1[J]. Res Microbiol, 2008, 159（7）：530-536.
[35] 刘新星, 刘文斌, 闫颖.氧化亚铁硫杆菌中磁小体形成相关基因mpsA在不同铁源刺激下的差异表达[J].中南大学学报：自然科学版, 2009, 40（6）：1471-1475.
[36] 刘新星, 武海艳, 刘文斌, 等.氧化亚铁硫杆菌中磁小体形成相关基因在不同亚铁浓度刺激下的差异表达[J].生物工程学报, 2009, 25（1）：69-75.
[37] Grünberg K, Müller EC, Otto A, et al. Biochemical and proteomic analysis of the magnetosome membrane in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense[J]. Appl Eviron Microbiol, 2004, 70（2）：1040-1050.
[38] Uebe R, Junge K, Hen V, et al. The cation diffusion facilitator proteins MamB and MamM of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense have distinct and complex functions, and are involved in magnetite biomineralization and magnetosome membrane assembly[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2011, 82（4）：818-835.
[39] Nakamura C, Kikuchi T, Burgess JG, et al. Iron-regulated expression and membrane localization of the MagA protein in Magnetospi-rillum sp. strain AMB-1[J]. J Biochem, 1995, 118（1）：23-27.
[40] Matsunaga T, Sato R, Kamiya S, et al. Fully automated chemilumi-nescence enzyme immunoassay using protein A-bacterial magnetite complex[J]. Anal Chem, 2000, 72（15）：3518-3522.
[41] Uebe R, Henn V, Schüler D, et al. The MagA protein of Magnetosp-irilla is not involved in bacterial magnetite biomineralization[J]. J Bacteriology, 2012, 194（5）：1018-1032.
[42] Okuda Y, Denda K, Fukumori Y. Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding a new member of the tetratricopeptide protein family from magnetosomes of Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum[J]. Gene, 1996, 171（1）：99-102.
[43] Komeili A, Vali H, Beveridge TJ, et al. Magnetosome vehicles are present prior to magnetite formation and are activated by the MamA protein[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004, 101（11）：3839-3844.
[44] Faivre D, Schuler D. Magnetotactic bacteria and magnetosom-es[J]. Chem Rev, 2008, 108（11）：4875-4898.
[45] Hunder JB, Dimroth P. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway[J]. Biol Chem, 1993, 268（20）：24564-24571.
[46] Masayoshi T, Arakaki A, Matsunaga T. et al. Identification and functional characterization of liposome tabulation protein from magnetotactic bacteria[J]. Mol Microbiol, 2010, 76（2）：480-488.
[47] Yang W, Li R, Peng T, et al. MamO and mamE genes are essential for magnetosome crystal biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1[J]. Research in Microbiology, 2010, 161（8）：701-705.
[48] Matsunaga T, Okamura Y. Genes and proteins involved in bacterial magnetic particle formation[J]. Trends Microbiol, 2003, 11（11）：536-541.
[49] Komeili A. Molecular mechanisms of compartmentalization and biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2012, 36（1）：232-255.
[50] Ullrich S, Kube M, Schübbe S, et al. A hypervariable 130 kb genomic region of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense comprises a magn-etosome island, which undergoes frequent rearrangements during stationary growth[J]. J Bacteriol, 2005, 187（21）：7176-7184.
[51] Scheffel A, G?rdes A, Grünberg K, et al. The major magnetosome proteins MamGFDC are not essential for magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, but regulate the size of magnetosome crystals[J]. J Bacteriol, 2008, 190：377-386.
[52] Richter M, Kube M, Bazylinski DA, et al. Comparative genome analysis of four magnetotactic bacteria reveals a complex set of group-specific genes implicated in magnetosome biomineralization and function[J]. J Bacteriol, 2007, 189：4899-4910.
[53] Komeili A, Li Z, Newman DK, et al. Magnetosomes are cell membrane invaginations organized by the actin-like protein MamK[J]. Science, 2006, 311（5758）：242-245.
[54] Scheffel A, Schüler D. The acidic repetitive domain of the Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MamJ protein displays hypervariability but is not required for magnetosome chain assembly[J]. J Bacteriol, 2007, 189（17）：6437-6446.
[55] Jogler C, Niebler M, Lin W, et al. Cultivation-independent characterization of‘Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum’ via ultra-structural, geochemical, ecological and metagenomic methods[J]. Environ Microbiol, 2010, 12（9）：2466-2478.
[56] Lin W, Jogler C, Schüler D, Pan Y. Metagenomic analysis reveals unexpected subgenomic diversity of magnetotactic bacteria within the phylum Nitrospirae[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2011, 77（1）：323-326.
[57] Jogler C, Wanner G, Kolinko S, et al. Conservation of proteobacterial magnetosome genes and structures in an uncultivated member of the deep-branching Nitrospira phylum[J]. PNAS, 2011, 108（3）：1134-1139.
[58] Jogler C, Lin W, Meyerdierks A, et al. Toward cloning of the magnetotactic metagenome：identification of magnetosome island gene clusters in uncultivated magnetotactic bacteria from different aquatic sediments[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2009, 75（12）：3972-3979.
[59] 刘新星, 郭宁, 杨英杰, 等.磁分离仪分离磁性细菌的新方法[J]. 生物工程学报, 2010, 26（2）：270-275.
[60] 刘新星, 谢建平, 刘文斌, 等.磁泳分离细菌新方法的研究[J].中国生物工程杂志, 2006, 26（4）：70-74.
[61] 刘新星, 刘文斌, 闫颖, 武海艳.固体平板磁泳分析细菌新方法[J].中国生物工程杂志, 2008, 28（3）：79-83.
[62] Schüler D. Genetics and cell biology of magnetosome formation in magnetotactic bacteria[J]. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2008, 32（4）：654-672.