香蕉根际微生态及其与枯萎病防治之间的关系

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1222

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

枯萎病严重危害香蕉生产，可致香蕉大幅减产甚至绝收。该病害通过土传、种苗调运等途径进行传播扩散，其病原菌产生的厚垣孢子在土壤中存活的时间长达30年，防治非常困难，是政府、学术界和产业界高度关注的对象之一。为了攻克这一难题，国内外科研工作者及相关从业者进行了广泛而深入的研究。本文从香蕉枯萎病的发生与危害、植物根际微生态及其与土传病害的关系、香蕉根际微生态及其在枯萎病防治中的作用和贡献等方面进行综述，并对其研究趋势进行了展望，以期为后续香蕉根际微生态的深入研究、优良生防资源的挖掘与创新利用及香蕉枯萎病的有效防治提供参考。

关键词: 香蕉, 枯萎病, 土传病害, 根际微生态, 防治措施

Abstract:

Fusarium wilt seriously endangers banana production, it causes yield loss and even no yield. It is spread by soil and transportation of seedlings, and chlamydospores of its pathogen survive in soil for 30 years. It is very difficult for the disease to be controlled, and it is always the focus of the government, academic field and banana industry. The experts, scholars, and related practitioners of domestic and abroad have done extensive and deep related research for solving this hard issue. This paper reviewed the previous research progress from the occurrence and harm of banana Fusarium wilt, the relationship between plant rhizosphere microecology and soil-borne diseases, banana rhizosphere microecology and their effects and contributions in Fusarium wilt control. The paper proposed the research trends of the interaction mechanism between Fusarium wilt and banana rhizosphere microecology, strain screening scope and isolating incubation methods, development and application of biocontrol agents with high efficiency and strong stability, aiming to provide references for subsequent in-depth study of banana rhizosphere microecology, the excavation and innovation utilization of excellent biological control resources and the efficient control of banana Fusarium wilt.

Key words: banana, Fusarium wilt, soil-borne disease, rhizosphere microecology, control measures

漆艳香, 谢艺贤, 彭军, 曾凡云, 张欣. 香蕉根际微生态及其与枯萎病防治之间的关系[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(6): 57-67.

QI Yan-xiang, XIE Yi-xian, PENG Jun, ZENG Fan-yun, ZHANG Xin. Banana Rhizosphere Microecology and Its Relationship with Fusarium Wilt Control[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(6): 57-67.

图/表 2

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防治策略 Control strategy	措施 Measures	不足 Deficiencies
植物检疫 Plant quarantine	对拟进入国内的香蕉种苗、吸芽等繁殖材料进行隔离试种、检验与处理；对拟进入国内无病区的香蕉种苗、吸芽等繁殖材料进行检验与处理	《植物检疫条例》宣贯力度不足
抗病品种选育和利用 Variety breeding for resistance to banana Fusarium wilt	（1）种质资源收集、引进、保存、评价与创新利用。如引进并试种成功的抗Foc R1香蕉品种如‘巴西蕉’^[57]；通过体细胞变异选育出的抗Foc R4香蕉品种如‘宝岛蕉’^[58]；通过杂交选育出的抗Foc R4香蕉品种，国内如‘中蕉9号’^[59]，国外如‘Bodle Altfor’和‘Goldfinger’^[60]；（2）转抗病基因育种。如将野生蕉抗病基因RGA2转入栽培种香蕉，获得了6个具有RGA2不同拷贝数的抗Foc R4植株^[61]	生态适应性强、商品性优良的香蕉新品种不多
农业防治 Agricultural control	（1）选种健壮无病组培苗；（2）加强田间管理。免（少）耕、土壤调理、增施生物菌肥、病株原位灭除、农具清洗与消毒；（3）轮作、间（套）作等不同耕作措施。水稻、甘蔗、菠萝等与香蕉轮作^[43⇓-45]；红薯与香蕉间作^[46]；韭菜、豆科绿肥及黑皮冬瓜等与香蕉套作^[47⇓-49]	人工成本高；受区域和季节性限制
化学防治 Chemical control	（1）土壤熏蒸：将带菌土壤用氨水、石灰碳铵联用熏蒸，30℃覆膜闷土30 d^[62]；（2）化学杀菌剂利用：定植后1个月或发病初期，选择苯咪唑类杀菌剂灌根	（1）无选择灭生性，处理过的土壤需活化修复；（2）防效微弱，且污染环境
生物防治 Biological control	用拮抗微生物“以菌治菌”：内生细菌如分离自香蕉叶片的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（B. velezensis）YX-11^[63]；内生真菌如分离自臂形草的帚枝霉属真菌（Sarocladium brachiariae）HND5^[64]；其他有益菌如分离自香蕉根际土壤的洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌（Burkholderia cepacia）TY、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（B. amyloliquefaciens）DF^[65]与里氏木霉（T. reesei）CSR-T-3^[66]及分离自海洋软珊瑚的链霉菌（Streptomyces sp.）WHL7^[67]	优异菌种不多；生防制品保质期短且田间防效不稳定

防治策略 Control strategy	措施 Measures	不足 Deficiencies
植物检疫 Plant quarantine	对拟进入国内的香蕉种苗、吸芽等繁殖材料进行隔离试种、检验与处理；对拟进入国内无病区的香蕉种苗、吸芽等繁殖材料进行检验与处理	《植物检疫条例》宣贯力度不足
抗病品种选育和利用 Variety breeding for resistance to banana Fusarium wilt	（1）种质资源收集、引进、保存、评价与创新利用。如引进并试种成功的抗Foc R1香蕉品种如‘巴西蕉’^[57]；通过体细胞变异选育出的抗Foc R4香蕉品种如‘宝岛蕉’^[58]；通过杂交选育出的抗Foc R4香蕉品种，国内如‘中蕉9号’^[59]，国外如‘Bodle Altfor’和‘Goldfinger’^[60]；（2）转抗病基因育种。如将野生蕉抗病基因RGA2转入栽培种香蕉，获得了6个具有RGA2不同拷贝数的抗Foc R4植株^[61]	生态适应性强、商品性优良的香蕉新品种不多
农业防治 Agricultural control	（1）选种健壮无病组培苗；（2）加强田间管理。免（少）耕、土壤调理、增施生物菌肥、病株原位灭除、农具清洗与消毒；（3）轮作、间（套）作等不同耕作措施。水稻、甘蔗、菠萝等与香蕉轮作^[43⇓-45]；红薯与香蕉间作^[46]；韭菜、豆科绿肥及黑皮冬瓜等与香蕉套作^[47⇓-49]	人工成本高；受区域和季节性限制
化学防治 Chemical control	（1）土壤熏蒸：将带菌土壤用氨水、石灰碳铵联用熏蒸，30℃覆膜闷土30 d^[62]；（2）化学杀菌剂利用：定植后1个月或发病初期，选择苯咪唑类杀菌剂灌根	（1）无选择灭生性，处理过的土壤需活化修复；（2）防效微弱，且污染环境
生物防治 Biological control	用拮抗微生物“以菌治菌”：内生细菌如分离自香蕉叶片的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（B. velezensis）YX-11^[63]；内生真菌如分离自臂形草的帚枝霉属真菌（Sarocladium brachiariae）HND5^[64]；其他有益菌如分离自香蕉根际土壤的洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌（Burkholderia cepacia）TY、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（B. amyloliquefaciens）DF^[65]与里氏木霉（T. reesei）CSR-T-3^[66]及分离自海洋软珊瑚的链霉菌（Streptomyces sp.）WHL7^[67]	优异菌种不多；生防制品保质期短且田间防效不稳定