高值化等鞭金藻固碳研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2023-1196

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

工业生产和人类活动释放的大量CO₂是造成全球性气候变暖的主要诱因。气候变暖往往伴随着极端恶劣天气的发生，对人类的生活、财产和基础设施构成严重威胁。为了减轻由此产生的负面影响和应对全球变暖，各国纷纷设定了碳达峰和碳减排目标，并致力于对CO₂进行固定和资源化利用。海洋等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）具有生长速度快和固碳效率高的特点，集成废/污水处理和生物固碳，转化合成蛋白质、多不饱和脂肪酸等多种高值生物活性物质的等鞭金藻固碳技术，被认为是最有前途的碳捕获和资源高值化利用的技术之一。本文首先介绍和比较了常用的CO₂捕获技术的优缺点，强调基于等鞭金藻的碳捕获技术的适用范围和固碳效率的优势。其次阐明了海洋等鞭金藻光合固碳机制及其与卡尔文循环、三羧酸循环等代谢通路的联系；探讨光和CO₂对微藻固碳能力和胞内碳流分布的影响，探究培养条件、光生物反应器、基因工程/合成生物学技术改造藻株等影响等鞭金藻固碳效率的因素。最后，概述了等鞭金藻光合固碳与岩藻黄素、多不饱和脂肪酸、蛋白质等高值生物活性物质合成的关系，为精深加工、开发高值化等鞭金藻提供理论和实践依据，推动等鞭金藻固碳技术的发展和应用，协同推进节能减排，为助力实现“双碳”目标提供一条经济可行的新策略。

关键词: 碳中和, 等鞭金藻, 固碳, 高值化生物质, 碳代谢, 效率, 生物活性成分

Abstract:

CO₂ is one of the main greenhouse gases. A large amount of CO₂ is released into the atmosphere through industrial production and human activities, leading to a significant increase in global CO₂ concentration. This has resulted in the increasing global temperatures, climate warming, and frequent occurrences of extreme weather events, posing a threat to global human security. In order to mitigate the increase of CO₂ and address global warming, countries around the world have set carbon peak targets and are committed to carbon capture and utilization. Marine Isochrysis galbana characterizes of a fast growth rate and high carbon-fixing efficiency; moreover, biological carbon sequestration mediated with Isochrysis strain and wastewater synthesized various high-value biologically active substances such as protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids; which is regarded to be a promising way of fixing CO₂. In this review, we firstly summarize the prevalent CO₂ capture technologies and compares their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we elaborate the carbon metabolism mechanism of Isochrysis strain for the carbon fixing process, and explain the relationship among the Calvin cycle, TCA cycle, and the metabolism of various biologically active substances during photosynthetic carbon fixation. Based on the photosynthetic carbon-fixing mechanism of Isochrysis strain, we propose some methods about cultivation conditions, photobioreactors and modified microalgal cells by genetic engineering and synthetic biology to improve carbon-fixing efficiency for Isochrysis strain. Lastly, we illustrate the correlation between carbon fixation of Isochrysis strain and the synthesis of bioactive components, offering essential details for high valued Isochrysis-derived bioproducts by deep processes. This review will provide essential perspectives to address carbon neutrality by microalgal carbon sequestration and exploit high-value microalgal bioproducts by Isochrysis strain.

Key words: carbon neutrality, Isochrysis strain, carbon fixation, high-value biomass, carbon sequestration, efficiency, bioactive ingredients

蔡楠, 方静平, 陈必链, 何勇锦. 高值化等鞭金藻固碳研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(6): 68-80.

CAI Nan, FANG Jing-ping, CHEN Bi-lian, HE Yong-jin. Research Progress in Carbon Sequestration by High-valued Isochrysis Strain[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(6): 68-80.

图/表 8

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藻株 Microalgae strain	生物量产量 Biomass yield/（g·L^-1·d^-1）	CO₂来源 CO₂ source	CO₂固定效率 Fixed efficiency/（gCO₂·L^-1·d^-1）	参考文献 Reference
四爿藻 Tetraselmis sp.	0.42	燃煤电厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.19	[2]
微拟球藻 Nannochloropsis sp.	0.27	燃煤电厂：CO₂（13%, V/V）	0.51	[8]
小球藻Chlorella vulgaris	0.28	钢铁厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.45	[9-10]
螺旋藻Spirulina	0.22	煤化工烟气：CO₂（10%, V/V）	0.32	[11⇓-13]
杜氏盐藻 NIES-2257 Dunaliella salina NIES-2257	0.23	5% CO₂	0.11	[14]
等鞭金藻 Isochrysis sp.	0.32	燃煤电厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.61	[9]

藻株 Microalgae strain	生物量产量 Biomass yield/（g·L^-1·d^-1）	CO₂来源 CO₂ source	CO₂固定效率 Fixed efficiency/（gCO₂·L^-1·d^-1）	参考文献 Reference
四爿藻 Tetraselmis sp.	0.42	燃煤电厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.19	[2]
微拟球藻 Nannochloropsis sp.	0.27	燃煤电厂：CO₂（13%, V/V）	0.51	[8]
小球藻Chlorella vulgaris	0.28	钢铁厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.45	[9-10]
螺旋藻Spirulina	0.22	煤化工烟气：CO₂（10%, V/V）	0.32	[11⇓-13]
杜氏盐藻 NIES-2257 Dunaliella salina NIES-2257	0.23	5% CO₂	0.11	[14]
等鞭金藻 Isochrysis sp.	0.32	燃煤电厂；CO₂（10%-15%, V/V）	0.61	[9]

CO₂捕获技术 CO₂ capture technology	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
地质封存 Geological sequestration	1. CO₂性质稳定，封存长； 2. CO₂注入油田或气田可提高采收率	1. 地质运动会导致CO₂泄露，形成毁灭性的窒息区域，引发土壤、大气环境变化； 2. 地质封层需要改造蒸汽储存、运输、在线地震勘探设备，机械造价和运行成本高； 3. 目前我国CO₂地质封存技术仍处于示范阶段，亟待深入研究	[7-8]
物理化学吸附 Physicochemical adsorption	1. CO₂封存安全、稳定； 2. CO₂封存的同时还可将浓缩的CO₂用于生产水泥、生物塑料等产品，经济效益高； 3. 固碳工艺相对成熟	1. 吸附剂材料消耗大，成本高昂； 2. 反应器运行成本高； 3. 许多化学试剂有毒且挥发性强，对操作要求高且易造成环境问题	[9]
植物固碳 Carbon sequestration in plants	1. 固碳效率高； 2. 无需使用化学品，固碳过程安全、无毒； 3. 固碳成本低	1. 耗时长、占用土地面积大； 2. 固碳效果受外部条件影响大	[11]
微藻生物固碳 Microalgae biocarbon sequestration	1. 固碳效率高，是陆生植物的10-50倍； 2. 微藻生长速度快，易于培养； 3. 微藻对极端环境耐受性高，适用于多种环境下培养； 4. 微藻能在固碳同时合成生物质，并应用于能源、食品和饲料等行业	1. 微藻生物固碳起步较晚，某些工艺/技术仍处于起步阶段； 2. 微藻培养需安装光生物反应器，耗费高； 3. 微藻固碳目前市场规模小，还有广大待挖掘区域	[12]

CO₂捕获技术 CO₂ capture technology	优点 Advantage	缺点 Disadvantage	参考文献 Reference
地质封存 Geological sequestration	1. CO₂性质稳定，封存长； 2. CO₂注入油田或气田可提高采收率	1. 地质运动会导致CO₂泄露，形成毁灭性的窒息区域，引发土壤、大气环境变化； 2. 地质封层需要改造蒸汽储存、运输、在线地震勘探设备，机械造价和运行成本高； 3. 目前我国CO₂地质封存技术仍处于示范阶段，亟待深入研究	[7-8]
物理化学吸附 Physicochemical adsorption	1. CO₂封存安全、稳定； 2. CO₂封存的同时还可将浓缩的CO₂用于生产水泥、生物塑料等产品，经济效益高； 3. 固碳工艺相对成熟	1. 吸附剂材料消耗大，成本高昂； 2. 反应器运行成本高； 3. 许多化学试剂有毒且挥发性强，对操作要求高且易造成环境问题	[9]
植物固碳 Carbon sequestration in plants	1. 固碳效率高； 2. 无需使用化学品，固碳过程安全、无毒； 3. 固碳成本低	1. 耗时长、占用土地面积大； 2. 固碳效果受外部条件影响大	[11]
微藻生物固碳 Microalgae biocarbon sequestration	1. 固碳效率高，是陆生植物的10-50倍； 2. 微藻生长速度快，易于培养； 3. 微藻对极端环境耐受性高，适用于多种环境下培养； 4. 微藻能在固碳同时合成生物质，并应用于能源、食品和饲料等行业	1. 微藻生物固碳起步较晚，某些工艺/技术仍处于起步阶段； 2. 微藻培养需安装光生物反应器，耗费高； 3. 微藻固碳目前市场规模小，还有广大待挖掘区域	[12]

藻株 Microalgae strain	n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 n-3 polyunsaturated acids/（mg·g^-1 oil）
藻株 Microalgae strain	ALA（C18:3n-3）	SDA（C18:4n-3）	EPA（C20:5n-3）	DPA（C22:5n-3）	DHA（C22:6n-3）
等鞭金藻Isochrysis T-Iso	29.00 ± 4.00	43.00 ± 10.00	2.80 ± 0.70	-	46.00 ± 14.00
微拟球藻Nannochloropsis oculata	0.30 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.10	175.00 ± 12.00	-	-
巴夫藻Pavlova Lutheri	10.00 ± 0.30	17.00 ± 0.50	92.00 ± 2.00	-	40.90 ± 0.90
硅藻Thalassiosira Preudonana	1.90 ± 0.10	20.40 ± 0.80	81.00 ± 2.00	1.82 ± 0.01	20.90 ± 0.80
鱼油Fish oil	7.70 ± 0.20	29.00 ± 1.00	184.00 ± 5.00	16.80 ± 0.30	105.20 ± 0.70