作物高遗传力光合性状分析与高光效基因挖掘

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0548

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球气候变化和人口增长，提高作物光能利用效率成为保障粮食安全的关键。光合作用是作物产量和生物量积累的核心驱动力，光能转化为化学能的速率受遗传和环境因素共同调控。然而，高光效这一关键农艺性状的遗传解析非常复杂，由于涉及到多基因的精细调控、显著的表型可塑性和传统光合表型精准测量技术的通量低、侵入性强等局限，导致相关基因挖掘进展缓慢。近年来，多组学技术（基因组、转录组、蛋白组、代谢组等）、高通量表型平台（如基于无人机、高光谱成像、激光雷达的非侵入式动态检测）和人工智能（AI）算法（机器学习和深度学习）的融合，为系统解析作物光合作用的复杂调控网络提供了新契机。本文聚焦于作物高光效形成生理与分子机制，阐述了相关优化途径（包括改造光合机构、增强碳同化、削弱光呼吸及优化环境响应等），并结合高通量光合表型组学和数据算法驱动的光合表型遗传力解析，深入探讨了作物高光效基因挖掘的前沿策略、技术突破及未来挑战，旨在为作物光合效率的遗传改良提供理论参考。

关键词: 作物, 高光效基因, 光能利用效率, 高遗传力光合性状

Abstract:

With global climate change and population growth, improving the efficiency of crop light energy utilization has become crucial to ensuring food security. Photosynthesis serves as the core driving force for crop yield and biomass accumulation, with the conversion of light energy into chemical energy regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. However, the genetic dissection of high photosynthetic efficiency, a crucial agronomic trait, is highly complex, involving factors such as fine regulation of multiple genes and significant phenotypic plasticity, as well as the limitations of traditional photosynthetic phenotype measurement techniques, such as low throughput and strong invasiveness, which have led to slow progress in the discovery of related genes. In recent years, the integration of multi-omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc.), high-throughput phenotyping platforms (such as non-invasive dynamic detection based on drones, hyperspectral imaging, and LiDAR), and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms (machine learning and deep learning) has provided new opportunities for systematically dissecting the complex regulatory network of crop photosynthesis. This article focuses on summarizing the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying high light- efficiency in crops, elaborating on related optimization approaches (including modification of photosynthetic apparatus, enhancement of carbon assimilation, reduction of photorespiration, and optimization of environmental responses), and, in combination with high-throughput photosynthetic phenomics and data algorithm-driven genetic dissection of photosynthetic phenotypic heritability, delves into the latest frontier strategies, technological breakthroughs, and future challenges in the mining of high-light efficiency genes in crops, aiming to provide theoretical references for the genetic improvement of crop photosynthetic efficiency.

Key words: crops, high light-efficiency genes, light utilization efficiency, high heritability photosynthetic traits

罗春梅, 李艳君, 陈根云, 曲明南. 作物高遗传力光合性状分析与高光效基因挖掘[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(10): 6-19.

LUO Chun-mei, LI Yan-jun, CHEN Gen-yun, QU Ming-nan. Analysis of Photosynthetic Traits of High Heritability in Crops and Mining of High Light-efficiency Regulatory Genes[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(10): 6-19.

图/表 3

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物种 Species	基因名称 Gene name	遗传学手段 Approaches of genetics	方法 Method	光合表型 Photosynthetic phenotype	参考文献 References
水稻	OsNHX1	正向	通过GWAS发现OsNHX1的遗传变异与气孔关闭时间常数τ_cl的变化密切相关	干旱下提高生物量和产量	［55］
水稻	OsBGlu-5	正向	通过GWAS挖掘到Bglu-5基因，该基因调控叶绿素荧光F_v/F_m	提高光系统II的最大量子产率	［89］
水稻	OsLRK1	正向	调查叶片暗呼吸（R_d）的自然变异进行GWAS，发现OsLRK1调节叶片暗呼吸通量	提高高温下光合效率	［56］
水稻	OsACP2	正向	通过GWAS和DEG分析发现ACP2基因介导低磷下丝氨酸合成，调控光合效率	提高光合-磷利用效率67%	［53］
大豆	GmFtsH25	正向	利用GWAS和QTL关联研究，挖掘到GmFtsH25参与大豆光合作用过程	提升光合效率和淀粉含量	［78］
玉米	ZmRAF1	反向	通过改造Rubisco，创制玉米Rubisco及其亚基组装因子ZmRAF过表达材料	增加Rubisco的催化效率和生物量	［90］
小麦	TaFBA	反向	根据基因家族注释，发现多个TaFBA基因受逆境胁迫诱导	提高抗非生物胁迫能力和生物量	［76］
水稻	OsGATA8	反向	OsGATA8基因位于Saltol QTL中，受到盐、干旱和ABA诱导	提高光合效率和生物量	［75］
玉米	ZmGLK1	反向	利用GWAS和QTL鉴定到ZmGLK1基因，该基因影响叶绿体发育	提升光能利用效率	［74］
水稻	OsRBCS2	反向	利用RBCS-sense创制Rubisco过表达水稻材料	提高产量和氮利用效率	［91］
水稻	OsRCA	反向	过表达RCA（Rubisco activase）	光合速率常温下不提高，高温下提高21%	［92］
小麦	TaSBPase	反向	在小麦中过表达Brachypodium distachyon的SBPase	提高生物量和产量	［93］
水稻	OsMGT3	反向	过表达OsMGT3，提高光合速率	提高生物量和产量	［94］
大豆	OsictB	反向	在大豆中导入蓝细菌的无机碳转运蛋白（inorganic carbon transporter B，ictB）	提高生物量和产量	［95］
大豆	GmictB	反向	在水稻中导入蓝藻的ictB	提高生物量	［96］
玉米	ZmictB	反向	在玉米中导入蓝藻的ictB	提高产量	［97］
水稻	OsNF-YB4	反向	创制水稻过表达OsNF-YB4基因材料	减少株高和叶片数，产量不变	［98］
水稻	OsOSA1	反向	过表达水稻质子ATP酶（Oryza sativa plasma membrane（PM）H⁺ -ATPase 1，OSA1）	提高生物量和产量	［99］
水稻	OsPIP1；2	反向	过表达OsPIP1；2，提高叶肉导度	提高生物量和产量	［100］
水稻	OsHXK1	反向	敲除OsHXK1，提高气孔导度	提高产量	［101］
水稻	Osslac1	反向	敲除slac1，导致弱光到高光过程光合诱导延迟	气孔导度提高，有利于光合效率	［102］
水稻	OsNRP1	反向	敲除光合作用负调节因子NRP1提升光合效率	提高生物量和产量	［103］
水稻	OsTOP6	反向	编辑TOP6介导光合基因修复损伤，调控低温下光合效率	调节碳同化速率	［104］
水稻	OsZOS7-MYB60	反向	过表达ZOS7-MYB60调控气孔密度，提高水稻抗旱性	提高生物量和产量	［105］
水稻	OsRAN1	反向	过表达OsRAN1维持细胞分裂和细胞周期进程	提高耐寒性	［106］
水稻	OsDREB1	反向	过表达OsDREB1，游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量升高	提高干旱、高盐和冷胁迫耐受性	［107］
水稻	OsLOS5	反向	在水稻品种中导入LOS5抗旱基因	提高抗旱性和产量	［108］
水稻	ZmPEPC	反向	将C₄作物玉米中与光合作用相关的ZmPEPC基因导入水稻	提高抗旱性和产量	［109］

物种 Species	基因名称 Gene name	遗传学手段 Approaches of genetics	方法 Method	光合表型 Photosynthetic phenotype	参考文献 References
水稻	OsNHX1	正向	通过GWAS发现OsNHX1的遗传变异与气孔关闭时间常数τ_cl的变化密切相关	干旱下提高生物量和产量	［55］
水稻	OsBGlu-5	正向	通过GWAS挖掘到Bglu-5基因，该基因调控叶绿素荧光F_v/F_m	提高光系统II的最大量子产率	［89］
水稻	OsLRK1	正向	调查叶片暗呼吸（R_d）的自然变异进行GWAS，发现OsLRK1调节叶片暗呼吸通量	提高高温下光合效率	［56］
水稻	OsACP2	正向	通过GWAS和DEG分析发现ACP2基因介导低磷下丝氨酸合成，调控光合效率	提高光合-磷利用效率67%	［53］
大豆	GmFtsH25	正向	利用GWAS和QTL关联研究，挖掘到GmFtsH25参与大豆光合作用过程	提升光合效率和淀粉含量	［78］
玉米	ZmRAF1	反向	通过改造Rubisco，创制玉米Rubisco及其亚基组装因子ZmRAF过表达材料	增加Rubisco的催化效率和生物量	［90］
小麦	TaFBA	反向	根据基因家族注释，发现多个TaFBA基因受逆境胁迫诱导	提高抗非生物胁迫能力和生物量	［76］
水稻	OsGATA8	反向	OsGATA8基因位于Saltol QTL中，受到盐、干旱和ABA诱导	提高光合效率和生物量	［75］
玉米	ZmGLK1	反向	利用GWAS和QTL鉴定到ZmGLK1基因，该基因影响叶绿体发育	提升光能利用效率	［74］
水稻	OsRBCS2	反向	利用RBCS-sense创制Rubisco过表达水稻材料	提高产量和氮利用效率	［91］
水稻	OsRCA	反向	过表达RCA（Rubisco activase）	光合速率常温下不提高，高温下提高21%	［92］
小麦	TaSBPase	反向	在小麦中过表达Brachypodium distachyon的SBPase	提高生物量和产量	［93］
水稻	OsMGT3	反向	过表达OsMGT3，提高光合速率	提高生物量和产量	［94］
大豆	OsictB	反向	在大豆中导入蓝细菌的无机碳转运蛋白（inorganic carbon transporter B，ictB）	提高生物量和产量	［95］
大豆	GmictB	反向	在水稻中导入蓝藻的ictB	提高生物量	［96］
玉米	ZmictB	反向	在玉米中导入蓝藻的ictB	提高产量	［97］
水稻	OsNF-YB4	反向	创制水稻过表达OsNF-YB4基因材料	减少株高和叶片数，产量不变	［98］
水稻	OsOSA1	反向	过表达水稻质子ATP酶（Oryza sativa plasma membrane（PM）H⁺ -ATPase 1，OSA1）	提高生物量和产量	［99］
水稻	OsPIP1；2	反向	过表达OsPIP1；2，提高叶肉导度	提高生物量和产量	［100］
水稻	OsHXK1	反向	敲除OsHXK1，提高气孔导度	提高产量	［101］
水稻	Osslac1	反向	敲除slac1，导致弱光到高光过程光合诱导延迟	气孔导度提高，有利于光合效率	［102］
水稻	OsNRP1	反向	敲除光合作用负调节因子NRP1提升光合效率	提高生物量和产量	［103］
水稻	OsTOP6	反向	编辑TOP6介导光合基因修复损伤，调控低温下光合效率	调节碳同化速率	［104］
水稻	OsZOS7-MYB60	反向	过表达ZOS7-MYB60调控气孔密度，提高水稻抗旱性	提高生物量和产量	［105］
水稻	OsRAN1	反向	过表达OsRAN1维持细胞分裂和细胞周期进程	提高耐寒性	［106］
水稻	OsDREB1	反向	过表达OsDREB1，游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量升高	提高干旱、高盐和冷胁迫耐受性	［107］
水稻	OsLOS5	反向	在水稻品种中导入LOS5抗旱基因	提高抗旱性和产量	［108］
水稻	ZmPEPC	反向	将C₄作物玉米中与光合作用相关的ZmPEPC基因导入水稻	提高抗旱性和产量	［109］