RNA结合蛋白在植物抗病中的研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2025-0056

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物在生长发育过程中持续面临复杂的环境胁迫，严重制约其生长发育、农艺性状和生产力。为应对病原菌侵染等生物胁迫，植物进化出多层次的精密调控网络。近年来，转录后调控作为植物免疫研究的新兴热点领域，其通过动态调控信使RNA（mRNA）代谢过程，在植物抗病反应中展现出独特的优势。RNA结合蛋白（RNA binding proteins, RBPs）作为植物抗病调控网络的核心执行者，通过识别特定RNA基序调控pre-mRNA选择性剪接、mRNA稳定性、选择性多聚腺苷酸化（alternative polyadenylation, APA）、翻译进程及RNA修饰等关键环节，在植物-病原菌互作中发挥“分子开关”的作用。本文系统阐述了RBP介导的转录后调控机制及其在植物响应病原菌感染过程中的功能，如在病原识别阶段，RBP通过调控免疫受体mRNA的稳定性实现防御信号的快速启动；抗病应答阶段中，RBP介导抗病基因的选择性剪接，产生具有不同亚细胞定位或功能活性的转录本变体。此外，近年研究发现m⁶A等RNA表观修饰通过调控RBP的招募效率，在植物免疫中形成新的路径。本文深入探讨了植物通过RBP构建的多层次防御体系及其分子调控机制，并对RBP抗病机制研究方向、结合多组学改造RBP调控元件、构建作物抗病育种新策略等进行了展望。深入解析植物抗病过程中的RNA调控密码，为创制广谱抗病种质提供理论支撑，为开发创新绿色防控策略提供重要依据。

关键词: RNA结合蛋白, 选择性剪接, 翻译, mRNA稳定性, 选择性多聚腺苷酸化

Abstract:

During their growth and development, plants are continuously exposed to complex environmental stresses that severely constrain their growth, agronomic traits, and productivity. To combat biotic stresses such as pathogen infection, plants have evolved multilayered sophisticated regulatory networks. In recent years, post-transcriptional regulation has emerged as a novel research hotspot in plant immunity, demonstrating unique advantages in the resistance to disease through dynamic regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), functioning as core executors in plant resistance-to-resistane networks, act as "molecular switches" in plant-pathogen interactions by recognizing specific RNA motifs to regulate critical processes including pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA stability, alternative polyadenylation (APA), translation efficiency, and RNA modifications. This review systematically elaborates RBP-mediated post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and their functions during plant-pathogen interactions. For instance, at the pathogen-recogned stage, RBPs regulate mRNA stability of immune receptors to enable rapid activation of defense signals. During disease resistance responses, RBPs mediate alternative splicing of resistance genes to generate transcript variants with distinct subcellular localization or functional activities. Recent studies also reveal novel pathways in plant immunity where RNA epigenetic modifications (e.g., m⁶A) regulate RBP recruitment efficiency. This article provides in-depth analysis of the multilayered defense systems constructed through RBPs and their molecular regulatory mechanisms, while proposing future research directions including deciphering RBP-mediated disease resistance mechanisms, modifying RBP regulatory elements through multi-omics integration, and developing novel disease-resistant breeding strategies. Comprehensive understanding of RNA regulatory codes in plant immunity will offer theoretical foundations for creating broad-spectrum resistant germplasm and provide crucial references for developing innovative green control strategies.

Key words: RNA binding protein, alternative splicing, translation, mRNA stability, alternative polyadenylation

吕悦, 张杰伟, 王勃. RNA结合蛋白在植物抗病中的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(6): 12-26.

LYU Yue, ZHANG Jie-wei, WANG Bo. Research Progress in RNA Binding Proteins in Plant Disease Resistance[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(6): 12-26.

图/表 5

图1 常见RNA结合域拓扑结构示意图A：RNA识别基序拓扑结构示意图；B：K-同源结构域拓扑结构示意图；C：锌指结构域拓扑结构示意图；D：双链RNA结合结构域拓扑结构示意图

Fig. 1 Topology diagram of common RNA-binding domainsA: Schematic diagram of RNA recognition motif topology; B: schematic diagram of K-homology domain topology; C: schematic diagram of zinc-finger domain topology; D: schematic diagram of double-stranded RNA binding domain topology

图2 AS事件示意图红色矩形、紫色矩形、黄色矩形、蓝色矩形分别代表外显子1-4，浅蓝色矩形代表发生5′选择性剪接或3′选择性剪接的外显子片段，灰色粗线代表内含子，黑色实线代表第一种AS方式，黑色虚线代表第二种AS方式，箭头指向AS产物

Fig. 2 Diagram of AS eventThe red rectangle, purple rectangle, yellow rectangle, and blue rectangle indicate exon 1 to 4, respectively; the light blue rectangle indicates exon fragments that undergo 5' alternative splicing or 3' alternative splicing; the thick gray line indicates the intron; the solid black line indicates the first AS (alternative splicing) mode; the dashed black line indicates the second AS mode; and the arrow points to the AS product

图3 RBP参与基因的选择性剪接模式图绿色六边形代表效应因子。自然条件下，植物体pre-mRNA发生组成型剪接，产生全长成熟的mRNA，翻译为功能型蛋白质，维持植物体的正常生长发育与环境适应。当植物受到病原体侵染时，病原体向植物细胞内释放效应因子，作为RBP或靶向植物RBP影响AS，产生内含子保留变体或截短蛋白，干扰植物免疫响应

Fig. 3 Alternative splicing patterns of RBPs-participating genesThe green hexagon symbolizes the effect factor. Under natural conditions, plant pre-mRNAs undergo constitutive splicing to generate full-length mature mRNAs, which are translated into functional proteins essential for normal growth, development, and adaptation to environment. Upon pathogenic infection, pathogens release effector proteins into plant cells that either act as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) or target host RBPs to perturb AS. This interference leads to the production of intron-retained variants or truncated proteins, thereby disrupting plant immune regulation

图4 RBP调控机制示意图A：RBP通过基因的选择性剪接参与植物抗病机制示意图；B：RBP通过蛋白翻译参与植物抗病机制示意图；C：RBP通过选择性多聚腺苷酸化参与植物抗病机制示意图；D：RBP通过调节mRNA稳定性参与植物抗病机制示意图；E：RNA修饰参与植物抗病机制示意图

Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of RBPs-regulating mechanismA: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance mechanism through AS of genes. B: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance through protein translation. C: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance through APA. D: Schematic diagram of RBPs participating in plant disease resistance by regulating mRNA stability. E: Schematic diagram of RNA modification involved in plant disease resistance

图5 mRNA稳定性调控机制示意图绿色六边形代表效应因子，蓝色圆球代表RBP，蓝色椭圆形代表降解的RBP，波浪线代表各种编码与植物免疫相关蛋白的mRNA，箭头代表生物过程。自然条件下，植物RBP与mRNA结合使其稳定，进行翻译等生物学过程，维持植物体的正常生长发育与环境适应。当植物受到病原体侵染时，病原菌向植物细胞内释放效应因子，植物RBP可能受到真菌刺激表达下调，或与效应蛋白相互作用而降解，RBP丰度的降低使mRNA稳定性也降低，进而影响免疫相关蛋白的表达，最终干扰了植物对病原体的抗性

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of mRNA stability regulation mechanismGreen hexagons denote effect factors, blue circles represent RBPs, blue ovals represent degraded RBPs, wavy lines symbolize various mRNAs encoding proteins associated with plant immunity, arrows signify biological processes. Under natural conditions, plant RBPs bind to mRNA, stabilizing it and ensuring the smooth execution of translation and other biological processes, thereby maintaining normal growth, development, and environmental adaptation in plants. Upon pathogen infection, pathogens release effectors into plant cells. These effectors may either down-regulate the expression of RBPs through fungal stimulation or degradation by interaction with effectors. The reduced abundance of RBPs leads to decreased mRNA stability, which in turn affects the expression of immune-related proteins and ultimately compromises the plant’s resistance to pathogens

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