盐胁迫下与小麦生理响应相关的耐盐基因研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-1006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

盐胁迫是主要的非生物胁迫之一，严重威胁小麦的生长发育，而且小麦耐盐性是一个复杂的数量性状，是由多基因协同控制的，这些基因直接或间接参与离子积累和排斥、氧化还原反应和特定渗透调节物质的积累。了解小麦耐盐基因的研究现状，有利于科学、高效地选育耐盐品种。本文从盐胁迫下耐盐基因调控渗透调节、离子平衡、ROS稳态、激素调节4个方面阐述作物的耐盐性，综述了耐盐基因在小麦适应盐胁迫过程中的作用，为小麦复杂的耐受盐胁迫的机制研究奠定基础。利用现代分子生物学手段挖掘耐盐基因资源并将其导入小麦，是获得高产优质耐盐小麦品种的有效途径。研究与耐盐胁迫相关的基因，对阐明应对盐胁迫的分子机制和途径具有重要作用，对培育具有耐盐胁迫能力的优异种质和研发小麦耐盐栽培技术具有重要的指导意义。

关键词: 小麦, 耐盐基因, 渗透调节, 离子平衡, ROS稳态, 激素调节

Abstract:

Salt stress stands as one of the primary abiotic stresses severely endangering the growth and development of wheat. Salt tolerance in wheat represents a complex quantitative trait governed by multiple genes. These genes directly or indirectly engage in processes such as ion accumulation and exclusion, redox reactions, and the accumulation of specific osmoregulatory substances. Comprehending the current research landscape of salt-tolerant genes in wheat is conducive to the scientific and efficient breeding of salt-tolerant varieties. This article expounds on crop salt tolerance from four aspects: osmotic regulation, ion balance, ROS homeostasis, and hormone regulation mediated by salt-tolerant genes under salt stress. It summarizes the function of salt-tolerant genes in wheat’‍s adaptation to salt stress, laying the groundwork for investigating the intricate mechanisms of wheat salt tolerance. Therefore, employing modern molecular biology techniques to explore salt-tolerant gene resources and introduce them into wheat is an effective approach to obtain high-yield, high-quality, and salt-tolerant wheat varieties. Research on genes associated with salt-stress tolerance plays a crucial role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms and pathways for dealing with salt stress. It offers significant guidance for cultivating outstanding germplasm with salt-stress tolerance and developing salt-tolerant cultivation techniques for wheat.

Key words: wheat, salt-tolerant gene, permeation regulation, ion balance, ROS homeostasis, hormone regulation

王伟伟, 赵振杰, 王志, 邹景伟, 罗政辉, 张玉杰, 钮力亚, 于亮, 杨学举. 盐胁迫下与小麦生理响应相关的耐盐基因研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(5): 14-22.

WANG Wei-wei, ZHAO Zhen-jie, WANG Zhi, ZOU Jing-wei, LUO Zheng-hui, ZHANG Yu-jie, NIU Li-ya, YU Liang, YANG Xue-ju. Research Progress in Salt-tolerant Genes Related to Physiological Response of Wheat to Salt Stress[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(5): 14-22.

图/表 1

图1 盐胁迫下与小麦生理响应相关的耐盐基因在盐胁迫下，根系周围盐浓度会快速升高引发渗透胁迫，使作物高渗感受器被激活，引发钙离子信号，导致一系列CDPK、CBLs和CIPKs的响应，Ca2+结合SOS3和SOS2，激活SOS1后并磷酸化，活化的SOS1能够将Na+外排到木质部质外体或土壤中；已鉴定出多个HKT类转运体，一些转运蛋白介导Na+选择性转运（HKT-I），其他转运蛋白表现出Na+/K+共同转运活性（HKT-Ⅱ）；盐胁迫下小麦的主要农艺性状因子TaSRO1对ROS清除能力增强，ROS清除利用SOD、CAT和POD等抗氧化酶，可以去除多余的活性氧并减轻氧化应激；液泡是Na+隔离的理想位置，因为它不仅可以降低胞质毒性，还可以作为渗透物，从而促进盐胁迫下水分的吸收，NHX（Na+/H+反转运蛋白）家族在Na+向液泡的区隔中起重要作用；ABA、ET、BR和MT等激素对盐胁迫具有调节作用

Fig. 1 Salt-tolerant genes associated with the physiological response of wheat under salt stressUnder salt stress conditions, the salt concentration in the vicinity of the root system escalates rapidly, thereby inducing osmotic stress and activating hypersensitive receptors in crops. This activation triggers calcium ion signals, which subsequently lead to a cascade of responses mediated by CDPK, CBLs, and CIPKs. Ca2+ binds to SOS3 and SOS2, facilitating the activation and phosphorylation of SOS1. The activated SOS1 is then capable of transporting Na+ into the xylem extracellular matrix or the soil. Multiple HKT transporters have been identified, with some of them being involved in Na+ selective transport (HKT-I), while others show Na+/K+ co-transport activity (HKT-Ⅱ). The key agronomic trait factor TaSRO1 in wheat under salt stress augments its capacity to scavenge ROS. The scavenging of ROS is accomplished through antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and POD, which can effectively eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species and mitigate oxidative stress. Vacuoles serve as an optimal site for Na+ sequestration, as they not only diminish cytoplasmic toxicity but also function as osmolytes, enhancing water absorption under salt stress. The NHX (Na+/H+ antiporter) family plays a crucial role in the translocation of Na+ into vacuoles. Hormones including ABA, ET, BR, and MT also possess regulatory functions in response to salt stress

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