昆虫共生菌在降解塑料和农药中的应用研究

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0902

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在长期的协同进化过程中，共生菌与昆虫宿主形成了较为稳定的共生关系。共生菌分布于昆虫体内外的多个部位，参与调节宿主昆虫的多种生理过程。一些昆虫共生菌能产生水解酶、氧化还原酶和转移酶，这些酶在降解聚烯烃类塑料、聚酯类塑料以及农药中发挥了关键作用，在环境生物修复中有一定的应用潜力。但是，由于塑料结构复杂且化学性质相对稳定，降解环境复杂多变，在环境生物修复中应用昆虫共生菌时需克服诸多难题，如共生菌及其产生的酶存在活性低、稳定性差、底物谱窄、安全性不明、降解产物存在毒性和破坏原生态平衡。本文对昆虫共生菌降解塑料和农药的机制、能降解塑料和农药的昆虫共生菌的种类、筛选方法及其在环境生物修复中的应用现状进行了综述，分析了存在的问题及其解决途径，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望，期望能为相关领域的研究提供参考和借鉴，推进昆虫共生菌在环境生物修复中的应用。

关键词: 昆虫, 共生菌, 塑料, 农药, 环境污染, 生物修复

Abstract:

Symbiotic bacteria have developed close associations with their insect hosts during the long history of coevolution. They are distributed in multiple parts of insects, both inside and outside their bodies, and participate in the regulation of various physiological processes of insect hosts. Some insect symbiotic bacteria produce hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases to degrade polyolefin plastics, polyester plastics and pesticides, and have certain application potential in environmental bioremediation. However, due to the complex structure and relatively stable chemical properties of plastics, complex and changeable degradation environment, many issues have to be overcome before popularization of insect symbiotic bacteria in environmental bioremediation, such as low activity, poor stability, narrow substrate spectrum, unknown safety, toxicity of degraded products of symbiotic bacteria and their enzymes, and their destruction on original ecological balance. This paper reviewed the mechanisms and strains of insect symbiotic bacteria degrading plastic and pesticide, methods of screening them, and application status in environmental bioremediation. This paper also analyzed the existing issues and the solutions to them and prospected the research directions. By this review, it is aimed to provide references and insights for studies in related fields and advance the application of insect symbiotic bacteria in environmental bioremediation.

Key words: insect, symbiotic bacteria, plastic, pesticide, environmental pollution, bioremediation

王争艳, 樊芳蕾, 叶天伟, 罗琼, 赵亚茹. 昆虫共生菌在降解塑料和农药中的应用研究[J]. 生物技术通报, 2025, 41(4): 33-46.

WANG Zheng-yan, FAN Fang-lei, YE Tian-wei, LUO Qiong, ZHAO Ya-ru. Applied Research of Insect Symbiotic Bacteria in Biodegradation of Plastics and Pesticides[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2025, 41(4): 33-46.

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93	邱珊莲, 崔中利, 王英, 等.甲基对硫磷降解菌DLLBR在青菜及根际土壤中的定殖研究[J]. 土壤, 2005, 37(1): 100-104.
	Qiu SL, Cui ZL, Wang Y, et al. Colonization of methylparathion-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas putida DLLBR in soil and inside vegetable[J]. Soils, 2005, 37(1): 100-104.
94	Kurenbach B, Marjoshi D, Amabile-Cuevas CF, et al. Sublethal exposure to commercial formulations of the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate cause changes in antibiotic susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium[J]. MBio, 2015, 6(2): e00009-15.
95	Lau CHF, van Engelen K, Gordon S, et al. Novel antibiotic resistance determinants from agricultural soil exposed to antibiotics widely used in human medicine and animal farming[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2017, 83(16): e00989-17.
96	Behera L, Datta D, Kumar S, et al. Role of microbial consortia in remediation of soil, water and environmental pollution caused by indiscriminate use of chemicals in agriculture: Opportunities and challenges[M]//Singh HB, Vaishnav A. New and Future Developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2022: 399-418.
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		肠道菌 Gut bacteria		参考文献Reference
种类 Species	虫期 Stage	菌株 Strain	活性 Activity	参考文献Reference
小蜡螟 Achroia grisella	幼虫	Bacillus sp.、Citrobacter freundii	在低密度聚乙烯表面定殖形成生物膜，改变其疏水性，水解肽键，将其氧化形成羰基，再进一步分解成CO₂	［11］
黑菌虫 Alphitobius diaperinus	幼虫	Kocuria、Trichoderma、Pseudomonas	降解聚苯乙烯	［12］
摇蚊 Chironomus sancticaroli	幼虫	Aeromonadaceae	参与塑料中阻燃剂（多溴二苯醚）的降解	［13］
米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica	幼虫	Unidentified	降解低密度聚乙烯	［14］
大蜡螟 Galleria mellonella	幼虫	Aspergillus flavus PEDX3	产生多铜氧化酶，将高密度聚乙烯降解为微塑料	［9］
		Acinetobacter	降解低密度聚乙烯	［15］
		Enterobacter sp. D1	产生氧化还原酶，将邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯（增塑剂）氧化为邻苯二甲酸单苄酯	［16］
		Massilia sp. FS 1903	产生氧化酶，将聚苯乙烯中的C-C键氧化，生成醇类和羧酸类化合物	［17］
广斧螳 Hierodula patellifera	成虫	Serratia sp.	产生酯酶水解聚氨酯	［18］
大卫邻烁甲Plesiophthalmus davidis	幼虫	Serratia sp. WSW	在聚苯乙烯表面形成生物膜，产生氧化酶将C-C键氧化为C=O和C-O	［19］
印度谷螟 Plodia interpunctella	幼虫	Bacillus subtilis subsp. NBRC 101239、Enterobacter tabacum YIM Hb-3	在聚乙烯膜表面形成孔洞和凹陷，且在膜表面产生了醇、醚、酚、烷、芳烃、羧酸、醛和酮等物质	［20］
印度谷螟 Plodia interpunctella	幼虫	Bacillus sp. YP1、Enterobacter asburiae YT1	降解聚乙烯	［21］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Klebsiella sp. EMBL-1	降解聚氯乙烯	［22］
黄粉虫 Tenebrio molitor	幼虫	Acinetobacter sp. NyZ450、Bacillus sp. NyZ451	降解聚乙烯	［23］
		Citrobacter freundii、Serratia marcescens、Klebsiella aerogenes	分泌乳化因子，增强聚苯乙烯亲水性，降解聚苯乙烯	［24］
		Kluyvera spp.	降解聚丙烯泡沫	［25］
		Exiguobacterium sp. YT2	通过形成孔洞和凹坑破坏聚苯乙烯膜，氧化聚合物的C-C骨架，生成小分子产物	［26］
		Hafnia、Morganella	裂解对聚氯乙烯长链，经氧化水解后产生小分子物质	［27］
		Dysgonomonas sp.、Klebsiella sp. LZ-M1、LZ-M2、LZ-M3、LZ-M4、Xenorhabdus sp.	降解聚苯乙烯	［28］
		Kluyvera sp.	产生氧化酶，降解聚丙烯	［29］
		Clostridiaceae、Enterobacteriaceae、Streptococcaceae、Spiroplasmataceae	降解聚氯乙烯	［30］
黑粉虫 Tenebrio obscurus	幼虫	Enterobacteriaceae、Spiroplasmataceae、Enterococcaceae	产生胞外酶裂解聚苯乙烯长链，产生低分子量产物，最终将其矿化	［31］
赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum	幼虫	Acinetobacter spp.	降解聚苯乙烯	［32］
九龙虫 Ulomoides dermestoides	幼虫	Enterococcus durans、Enterococcus faecalis、Pantoea vagans	参与聚乳酸的降解	［33］
黄胸木蜂 Xylocopa appendiculata	成虫	Bacillus sp. HY-75、Xanthomonas sp. HY-74	产生蛋白酶和脂肪酶将聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯水解为对苯二甲酸、2-羟乙基甲基对苯二甲酸酯和对苯二甲酸双羟乙酯	［34］
大麦虫 Zophobas atratus	幼虫	Citrobacter sp.	产生芳基酯酶和丝氨酸水解酶，降解聚苯乙烯和低密度聚乙烯，生成微塑料	［35］
		Citrobacter spp.、Enterobacter spp.	降解聚丙烯，产生羰基、羟基和烯烃	［25］
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071	产生氧化酶，通过在聚苯乙烯的亚甲基中C-H键间插入氧原子形成醇，随后进一步氧化成羰基，然后通过S-甲酰谷胱甘肽水解酶和丝氨酸水解酶将其裂解成小分子	［36］

		肠道菌 Gut bacteria		参考文献Reference
种类 Species	虫期 Stage	菌株 Strain	活性 Activity	参考文献Reference
小蜡螟 Achroia grisella	幼虫	Bacillus sp.、Citrobacter freundii	在低密度聚乙烯表面定殖形成生物膜，改变其疏水性，水解肽键，将其氧化形成羰基，再进一步分解成CO₂	［11］
黑菌虫 Alphitobius diaperinus	幼虫	Kocuria、Trichoderma、Pseudomonas	降解聚苯乙烯	［12］
摇蚊 Chironomus sancticaroli	幼虫	Aeromonadaceae	参与塑料中阻燃剂（多溴二苯醚）的降解	［13］
米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica	幼虫	Unidentified	降解低密度聚乙烯	［14］
大蜡螟 Galleria mellonella	幼虫	Aspergillus flavus PEDX3	产生多铜氧化酶，将高密度聚乙烯降解为微塑料	［9］
		Acinetobacter	降解低密度聚乙烯	［15］
		Enterobacter sp. D1	产生氧化还原酶，将邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯（增塑剂）氧化为邻苯二甲酸单苄酯	［16］
		Massilia sp. FS 1903	产生氧化酶，将聚苯乙烯中的C-C键氧化，生成醇类和羧酸类化合物	［17］
广斧螳 Hierodula patellifera	成虫	Serratia sp.	产生酯酶水解聚氨酯	［18］
大卫邻烁甲Plesiophthalmus davidis	幼虫	Serratia sp. WSW	在聚苯乙烯表面形成生物膜，产生氧化酶将C-C键氧化为C=O和C-O	［19］
印度谷螟 Plodia interpunctella	幼虫	Bacillus subtilis subsp. NBRC 101239、Enterobacter tabacum YIM Hb-3	在聚乙烯膜表面形成孔洞和凹陷，且在膜表面产生了醇、醚、酚、烷、芳烃、羧酸、醛和酮等物质	［20］
印度谷螟 Plodia interpunctella	幼虫	Bacillus sp. YP1、Enterobacter asburiae YT1	降解聚乙烯	［21］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Klebsiella sp. EMBL-1	降解聚氯乙烯	［22］
黄粉虫 Tenebrio molitor	幼虫	Acinetobacter sp. NyZ450、Bacillus sp. NyZ451	降解聚乙烯	［23］
		Citrobacter freundii、Serratia marcescens、Klebsiella aerogenes	分泌乳化因子，增强聚苯乙烯亲水性，降解聚苯乙烯	［24］
		Kluyvera spp.	降解聚丙烯泡沫	［25］
		Exiguobacterium sp. YT2	通过形成孔洞和凹坑破坏聚苯乙烯膜，氧化聚合物的C-C骨架，生成小分子产物	［26］
		Hafnia、Morganella	裂解对聚氯乙烯长链，经氧化水解后产生小分子物质	［27］
		Dysgonomonas sp.、Klebsiella sp. LZ-M1、LZ-M2、LZ-M3、LZ-M4、Xenorhabdus sp.	降解聚苯乙烯	［28］
		Kluyvera sp.	产生氧化酶，降解聚丙烯	［29］
		Clostridiaceae、Enterobacteriaceae、Streptococcaceae、Spiroplasmataceae	降解聚氯乙烯	［30］
黑粉虫 Tenebrio obscurus	幼虫	Enterobacteriaceae、Spiroplasmataceae、Enterococcaceae	产生胞外酶裂解聚苯乙烯长链，产生低分子量产物，最终将其矿化	［31］
赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum	幼虫	Acinetobacter spp.	降解聚苯乙烯	［32］
九龙虫 Ulomoides dermestoides	幼虫	Enterococcus durans、Enterococcus faecalis、Pantoea vagans	参与聚乳酸的降解	［33］
黄胸木蜂 Xylocopa appendiculata	成虫	Bacillus sp. HY-75、Xanthomonas sp. HY-74	产生蛋白酶和脂肪酶将聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯水解为对苯二甲酸、2-羟乙基甲基对苯二甲酸酯和对苯二甲酸双羟乙酯	［34］
大麦虫 Zophobas atratus	幼虫	Citrobacter sp.	产生芳基酯酶和丝氨酸水解酶，降解聚苯乙烯和低密度聚乙烯，生成微塑料	［35］
		Citrobacter spp.、Enterobacter spp.	降解聚丙烯，产生羰基、羟基和烯烃	［25］
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071	产生氧化酶，通过在聚苯乙烯的亚甲基中C-H键间插入氧原子形成醇，随后进一步氧化成羰基，然后通过S-甲酰谷胱甘肽水解酶和丝氨酸水解酶将其裂解成小分子	［36］

		共生菌Gut bacteria		参考文献Reference
种类 Species	虫期 Stage	菌株 Strain	活性 Activity	参考文献Reference
白纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus	幼虫	Acinetobacter junii	降解溴氰菊酯	［41］
白纹按蚊 Anopheles albimanus	成虫	Klebsiella	产生羧酸酯酶和磷酸单酯酶，降解杀螟硫磷	［42］
斯氏按蚊 Anopheles stephensi	幼虫	Aeromonas、Exiguobacterium、Microbacterium、Pseudomonas	产生α-酯酶，谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶，降解双硫磷	［43］
桔小实蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis	成虫	Citrobacter sp.	将敌百虫降解为水合氯醛和亚磷酸二甲酯	［44］
东方蜚蠊 Blatta orientalis	成虫	Acinetobacter lwoffii G5、Bacillus atrophaeus G3、Citrobacter amalonaticus G4、Pseudomonas aeruginosa G1、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G2	降解α-硫丹	［45］
家蚕 Bombyx mori	幼虫	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	降解毒死蜱	［46］
稻棘缘蝽 Cletus punctiger	幼虫	Burkholderia	将杀螟硫磷水解为3-甲基-4-硝基苯酚	［47］
锈赤扁谷盗 Cryptolestes ferrugineus	成虫	Enterococcus faecalis	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
丽蚜小蜂 Encarsia formosa	成虫	Arthrobacter uratoxydans	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素	［49］
浆角蚜小蜂 Eretmocerus eremicus	成虫	Arthrobacter nicotinovorans	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素
蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus	成虫	Arthrobacter aurescens	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素
亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens	幼虫	Cryptococcus sp.、Papiliotrema aurea	降解地克珠利	［50］
亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens	幼虫	Cryptococcus aureus、Metschnikowia sp.、Papiliotrema aurea	降解盐酸氨丙啉	［50］
烟草甲 Lasioderma serricorne	成虫	Symbiotaphrina kochii	产生芳香酯水解酶、葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶，降解对硫磷	［51］
小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella	幼虫	Bacillus cereus KC985225	产生羧酸酯酶，降解茚虫威	［52］
		Erwinia sp.、Pantoea sp.	降解氯虫苯甲酰胺	［53］
		Bacillus pumilus、Carnobacterium maltaromaticum、Enterobacter xiangfangensis、Serratia liquefaciens、Serratia marcescens NH6-2	降解氟苯虫酰胺	［3，54］
Poecilimon tauricola	成虫	Acinetobacter schindleri B7	降解α-硫丹和α-氯氰菊酯	［55］
苹果实蝇 Rhagoletis pomonella	幼虫	Pseudomonas sp.	将敌敌畏、二嗪农、对硫磷和狄氏剂降解为水溶性小分子物质	［56］
谷蠹 Rhyzopertha dominica	成虫	Bacillus licheniformis	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
点蜂缘蝽 Riptortus pedestris	成虫	Burkholderia sp. SFA1	产生对硝基苯酚-还原酶，将杀螟硫磷降解为3-甲基-4-硝基苯酚	［57］
米象 Sitophilus oryzae	成虫	Bacillus flexus、Bacillus subtilis、Enterobacter sp.	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Arthrobacter nicotinovorans	降解溴氰菊酯	［58］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Pseudomonas stutzeri	降解氯氟氰菊酯	［58］
赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum	幼虫	Bacillus cereus、 Achromobacter xylosoxidans	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［59］

		共生菌Gut bacteria		参考文献Reference
种类 Species	虫期 Stage	菌株 Strain	活性 Activity	参考文献Reference
白纹伊蚊 Aedes albopictus	幼虫	Acinetobacter junii	降解溴氰菊酯	［41］
白纹按蚊 Anopheles albimanus	成虫	Klebsiella	产生羧酸酯酶和磷酸单酯酶，降解杀螟硫磷	［42］
斯氏按蚊 Anopheles stephensi	幼虫	Aeromonas、Exiguobacterium、Microbacterium、Pseudomonas	产生α-酯酶，谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶，降解双硫磷	［43］
桔小实蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis	成虫	Citrobacter sp.	将敌百虫降解为水合氯醛和亚磷酸二甲酯	［44］
东方蜚蠊 Blatta orientalis	成虫	Acinetobacter lwoffii G5、Bacillus atrophaeus G3、Citrobacter amalonaticus G4、Pseudomonas aeruginosa G1、Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G2	降解α-硫丹	［45］
家蚕 Bombyx mori	幼虫	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	降解毒死蜱	［46］
稻棘缘蝽 Cletus punctiger	幼虫	Burkholderia	将杀螟硫磷水解为3-甲基-4-硝基苯酚	［47］
锈赤扁谷盗 Cryptolestes ferrugineus	成虫	Enterococcus faecalis	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
丽蚜小蜂 Encarsia formosa	成虫	Arthrobacter uratoxydans	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素	［49］
浆角蚜小蜂 Eretmocerus eremicus	成虫	Arthrobacter nicotinovorans	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素
蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus	成虫	Arthrobacter aurescens	产生酯酶，降解阿维菌素
亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens	幼虫	Cryptococcus sp.、Papiliotrema aurea	降解地克珠利	［50］
亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens	幼虫	Cryptococcus aureus、Metschnikowia sp.、Papiliotrema aurea	降解盐酸氨丙啉	［50］
烟草甲 Lasioderma serricorne	成虫	Symbiotaphrina kochii	产生芳香酯水解酶、葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶，降解对硫磷	［51］
小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella	幼虫	Bacillus cereus KC985225	产生羧酸酯酶，降解茚虫威	［52］
		Erwinia sp.、Pantoea sp.	降解氯虫苯甲酰胺	［53］
		Bacillus pumilus、Carnobacterium maltaromaticum、Enterobacter xiangfangensis、Serratia liquefaciens、Serratia marcescens NH6-2	降解氟苯虫酰胺	［3，54］
Poecilimon tauricola	成虫	Acinetobacter schindleri B7	降解α-硫丹和α-氯氰菊酯	［55］
苹果实蝇 Rhagoletis pomonella	幼虫	Pseudomonas sp.	将敌敌畏、二嗪农、对硫磷和狄氏剂降解为水溶性小分子物质	［56］
谷蠹 Rhyzopertha dominica	成虫	Bacillus licheniformis	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
点蜂缘蝽 Riptortus pedestris	成虫	Burkholderia sp. SFA1	产生对硝基苯酚-还原酶，将杀螟硫磷降解为3-甲基-4-硝基苯酚	［57］
米象 Sitophilus oryzae	成虫	Bacillus flexus、Bacillus subtilis、Enterobacter sp.	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［48］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Arthrobacter nicotinovorans	降解溴氰菊酯	［58］
草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda	幼虫	Pseudomonas stutzeri	降解氯氟氰菊酯	［58］
赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum	幼虫	Bacillus cereus、 Achromobacter xylosoxidans	降解马拉硫磷、甲基嘧啶磷和溴氰菊酯	［59］

[1]	彭羽佳, 李文萃, 刘勇波. 昆虫对杀虫剂和转Bt基因植物的抗性进化机制研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2024, 40(4): 40-51.
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