Cr（VI）的生物修复技术研究进展

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2022-1331

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铬是一种主要的无机污染物，通过岩石风化、火山喷发等自然过程和冶金、化工、皮革产业等人为活动释放到土壤和水体中。铬主要以两种不同的稳定氧化状态存在：Cr（III）和Cr（VI），其中Cr（VI）的毒性大、流动性强、生态风险性大，是目前世界公认的I类致癌物。因此，Cr（VI）污染的治理研究受到了广泛的关注。传统的物理化学修复技术存在执行成本高、效率低、容易产生有毒副产物和无法大规模实施等缺点；生物修复技术改善了传统修复技术的局限性，是一种更经济、更环保、可持续的绿色修复技术。本文综述了Cr（VI）的污染来源、毒性特点，详细阐述了其微生物修复和植物修复的过程及机制，并展望了生物修复铬污染的未来发展方向，以期为生物修复Cr（VI）污染的应用提供理论指导和科学依据。

关键词: 六价铬, 迁移, 微生物修复

Abstract:

Chromium is a major inorganic pollutant released into soil and water bodies through natural processes and anthropogenic activities, such as rock weathering, volcanic eruptions and the metallurgy, chemical and leather industries. Chromium mainly exists in two different stable oxidation states: Cr（III）and Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）is a widely recognized class I carcinogen due to its high toxicity, strong fluidity and high ecological risk. Therefore, the research on the treatment of Cr（VI）pollution has received extensive attention. Traditional physical and chemical remediation technologies have some disadvantages, such as high execution cost, low efficiency, toxic by-products and inability to be implemented on a large scale. Bioremediation technology improves the limitations of traditional remediation technologies and is a more economical, more environmentally friendly and sustainable green remediation technology. In this paper, the pollution sources and toxicity characteristics of chromium are introduced. The process and mechanism of microbial remediation and phytoremediation are described in detail. Several suggestions on bioremediation of chromium contamination are summarized, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for the application of bioremediation of Cr（VI）contamination.

Key words: Cr（VI）, migration, microbial remediation

徐汝悦, 王子霄, 沈禄, 吴蓉蓉, 姚芳婷, 谭中原, 刘恒蔚, 张文超. Cr（VI）的生物修复技术研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2023, 39(6): 49-60.

XV Ru-yue, WANG Zi-xiao, SHEN Lu, WU Rong-rong, YAO Fang-ting, TAN Zhong-yuan, LIU Heng-wei, ZHANG Wen-chao. Research Progress in Bioremediation of Cr（VI）[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2023, 39(6): 49-60.

图/表 6

参考文献 106

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分类 Classification	名称 Name of organism	生物量 Biomass	pH	温度 Temperature/℃	初始Cr（VI）浓度Initial Cr（VI）concentration/（mg·L^-1）	去除效率Removal efficiency/%	去除机理 Removal mechanism	时间 Time	参考文献 Reference
细菌 Bacteria	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	0.3 g/100 mL	7	37	500	82.1	生物吸附 Biosorption	60 min	[35]
	Bacillus sp. CRB-B1	2%（V/V）	7	37	100	68.5	生物还原 Bioreduction	36 h	[36]
	Bacillus cereus b-525k	-	8	37	-	99.0	生物还原 Bioreduction	6 d	[37]
	Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila 4-1	10% （V/V）	7.2	30	15	75.7	生物积累 Bioaccumulation 生物还原 Bioreduction	7 d	[38]
	Bacillus strain T124	-	7	37	100	61.8	生物还原 Bioreduction 生物矿化 Biomineralization	48 h	[39]
真菌 Fungi	Aspergillus tubingensis AF3	5%（V/V）	7	25	1 000	74.5	生物吸附 Biosorption	12 d	[40]
	Aspergillus niger	1%（V/V）		30	10-50	~100	生物还原 Bioreduction 生物积累 Bioaccumulation	12 d	[41]
	Penicillium chrysogenum CS1	-	-	27	50	65.2	生物矿化Biomineralization	12 d	[42]
微藻 Microalgae	Chlorella sorokiniana	-	7	25	100	99.7	生物吸附 Biosorption	7 d	[43]

分类 Classification	名称 Name of organism	生物量 Biomass	pH	温度 Temperature/℃	初始Cr（VI）浓度Initial Cr（VI）concentration/（mg·L^-1）	去除效率Removal efficiency/%	去除机理 Removal mechanism	时间 Time	参考文献 Reference
细菌 Bacteria	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens	0.3 g/100 mL	7	37	500	82.1	生物吸附 Biosorption	60 min	[35]
	Bacillus sp. CRB-B1	2%（V/V）	7	37	100	68.5	生物还原 Bioreduction	36 h	[36]
	Bacillus cereus b-525k	-	8	37	-	99.0	生物还原 Bioreduction	6 d	[37]
	Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila 4-1	10% （V/V）	7.2	30	15	75.7	生物积累 Bioaccumulation 生物还原 Bioreduction	7 d	[38]
	Bacillus strain T124	-	7	37	100	61.8	生物还原 Bioreduction 生物矿化 Biomineralization	48 h	[39]
真菌 Fungi	Aspergillus tubingensis AF3	5%（V/V）	7	25	1 000	74.5	生物吸附 Biosorption	12 d	[40]
	Aspergillus niger	1%（V/V）		30	10-50	~100	生物还原 Bioreduction 生物积累 Bioaccumulation	12 d	[41]
	Penicillium chrysogenum CS1	-	-	27	50	65.2	生物矿化Biomineralization	12 d	[42]
微藻 Microalgae	Chlorella sorokiniana	-	7	25	100	99.7	生物吸附 Biosorption	7 d	[43]

酶 Enzyme	来源 Source of strain	定位 Location	参考文献 Reference
SOD, CAT	Acinetobacter indicus yy-1	胞内 Intracellular	[73]
NitR	Phannonibacter phragmitetus BB	胞内 Intracellular	[74]
YhdA	Bacillus subtilis	胞内 Intracellular	[75]
ChrR	Bacillus sp. DHS-12（7）	胞外 Extracellular	[76]
NR, NiR	Pisolithus sp.1	胞外 Extracellular	[77]
FesR	Alishewanella sp. WH16-1	胞外 Extracellular	[78]
CChR	Pichia guilliermondii ZJH-1	胞外 Extracellular	[79]

酶 Enzyme	来源 Source of strain	定位 Location	参考文献 Reference
SOD, CAT	Acinetobacter indicus yy-1	胞内 Intracellular	[73]
NitR	Phannonibacter phragmitetus BB	胞内 Intracellular	[74]
YhdA	Bacillus subtilis	胞内 Intracellular	[75]
ChrR	Bacillus sp. DHS-12（7）	胞外 Extracellular	[76]
NR, NiR	Pisolithus sp.1	胞外 Extracellular	[77]
FesR	Alishewanella sp. WH16-1	胞外 Extracellular	[78]
CChR	Pichia guilliermondii ZJH-1	胞外 Extracellular	[79]

微生物修复机制 Microbial repair mechanism	优点 Advantages	缺点 Disadvantages
生物吸附 Biosorption	时间短 Short period 可回收重金属 Recyclable heavy metals	易解吸Desorption 可逆Reversibility
生物积累 Bioaccumulation	耐受高浓度 Tolerance to high concentrations	易流失Easy to loss 高能耗 High energy consumption
生物还原 Bioreduction	稳定性强 Strong stability	受微生物活性影响 Affected by microbial activity
生物矿化 Biomineralization	成本低Low cost 能耗低 Low energy consumption 无二次污染 No secondary pollution	不均匀Poor homogeneity 不持久Poor durability