Research Advances in Plant Growth and Stress Response Regulation Mediated by Glutamate Receptor-like Proteins

doi:10.13560/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2024-0620

Abstract

Abstract:

Plant glutamate-like receptors（GLRs）are homologous to the inotropic glutamate receptors（iGluRs）in animals. Flowering plants often possess multiple GLR members that redundantly regulate plant growth and development, as well as responses to environmental stimuli. Plant GLRs share common action mechanisms as their animal homologues, but also display plant-specific features. In mammalian cells, iGluRs play vital roles in the central nervous system. During the process of neurotransmission mediated by iGluRs, presynapse-released neurotransmitters recognize and bind to postsynaptic iGluRs, leading to cation fluxes across the postsynaptic membrane and eventually depolarized the membrane. This depolarization is also known as action potential, the formation of which is fundamental to neurotransmission. During the past twenty years, plant GLRs have also been shown functioning as ion channels that mediate ion fluxes across various membranes. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the protein structural and evolutionary features of plant GLRs and discussed the residual sites that were reported functionally important for GLRs. Following this, we reviewed the latest research progress on GLR roles during different stages of plant growth and development, as well as during the responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Similarities and differences in the action mechanism of GLRs were compared to their animal homologues. We then pointed out what remains important to be investigated in the field. Finally, we prospected the important applicable potential and values of this protein family, aiming at providing clues for designing stress resilient crops.

Key words: glutamate receptor, ion channel, calcium signaling, calcium channel, biotic stress, abiotic stress, plant growth and development

CHEN Meng-jiao, LI Yang-yang, WU Qian. Research Advances in Plant Growth and Stress Response Regulation Mediated by Glutamate Receptor-like Proteins[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2024, 40(10): 62-75.

Figures/Tables 3

Fig. 1 Protein structural and sequence characteristics of plant GLRs A: The topological structure of plant glutamate receptor proteins. ATD: Amino-terminal domain; LBD: ligand-binding domain; TMD: transmembrane domain; CTD: carboxy-terminal domain; S1: segment 1; S2: segment 2; GSH: glutathione; M1, M3, M4: transmembrane-spanning domains 1, 3, 4; M2: partial transmembrane domain M2. Some of the reported functional sites are labeled. B: Sequence alignment of the partial M3 region of glutamate receptor. The aligned sequences are from model plant Arabidopsis thaliana（At）, Physcomitrella patens（Pp）, Marchantina polymorpha（Mp）, Adiantum capillus-vigor（Ac）, Ginkgo biloba（Gb）, Oryza sativa（Os）, and Homo sapiens（Hs）. C: Reported plant glutamate receptor protein ligands and their binding sites

Table 1 Clades and numbers of GLR family members in some published species

类别 Group	物种 Species	GLRs数量 Number of GLRs	GLRs各分支数量Number of GLRs in each clades					参考文献 Reference
类别 Group	物种 Species	GLRs数量 Number of GLRs	GLR0	GLR1	GLR2	GLR3	GLR4	参考文献 Reference
藻类植物Algae	莱茵衣藻Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii	1	1	0	0	0	0	[2]
苔藓植物Bryophytes	地钱Marchantia polymorpha	1	0	0	0	1	0	[2]
	小立碗藓Physcomitrella patens	2	0	0	0	2	0	[3]
蕨类植物Pteridophyte	江南卷柏Selaginella moellendorffii	2	0	0	0	2	0	[3]
裸子植物Gymnosperm	银杏Ginkgo biloba	9	0	0	0	9	0	[36]
双子叶植物Eudicots	大豆Glycine max	31	0	0	13	18	0	[38]
	番茄Solanum lycopersicum	13	0	2	6	5	0	[38]
	葡萄Vitis vinifera	11	0	1	5	5	0	[39]
	拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana	20	0	4	9	7	0	[1]
	野草莓Fragaria vesca	36	0	3	23	2	8	[37]
	桃Prunus persica	40	0	6	14	12	8	[37]
	梅Prunus mume	34	0	5	14	7	8	[37]
单子叶植物Monocots	水稻Oryza sativa	13	0	4	4	4	1	[40]
	玉米Zea mays	17	0	0	7	10	0	[3]
	甜根子草Saccharum spontaneum	22	0	1	14	7	0	[38]

Fig. 2 Regulatory roles and mechanism of GLRs in plant growth and stress response A: A summary of the functions of different GLR members in plant growth and stress responses. B: Schematic diagram showing the possible mechanism of GLR actions. Upon external stimuli, GLR channels are open, resulting in the increase of cytosolic calcium levels and the activation of downstream responses

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